Timeline of APL primitives

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The following table lists APL primitives, primitive extensions, and primitive-like syntax that are implemented across many dialects, or are precursors of such features. Features are ordered by the first APL dialect to implement them, and previous definitions in other array languages or as proposals are indicated in parentheses. Because primitives tend to have multiple names and may even change name within a dialect, common modern names are used rather than the name when introduced.

Year Dialect Primitives
1965 IVSYS/7090 Add, Negate, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Floor, Ceiling, Minimum, Maximum, Absolute value, Modulus, Exponential, Power, Not, And, Or, comparisons, Iota, Index of, Shape, Reshape, Ravel, Catenate, Rotate (as ↑↓), Member of, Encode, Decode, Reduce, Compress, Expand, Inner product, Outer product, Assignment, Bracket indexing, Branch/Label
1966 APL\360 Reciprocal, Natural Logarithm, Factorial, Combinations, Roll, Transpose, Rotate (⌽), Function axis
1968 APL\360 Signum, Deal, Pi times, Circular, Nand, Nor, Take (↑), Drop (↓), Grade, Rotate First (⊖), I-Beam
1970 APL\360 overtake with Take
1970 APL\360 Matrix Inverse, Matrix Divide, Laminate (,[])
1973 APL.SV Execute, Format, Scan
1980 SHARP APL GCD/LCM extending Or/And (proposed McDonnell 1975)
1980 SHARP APL Replicate extending Compress (Bernecky 1980)
dyadic and high-rank Grade (proposed Howard Smith 1979)
1981 NARS Enclose, Match, Pick, nested Index Generator, stranded assignment (proposed Brown 1971)
Unique, Union, Intersection, Set Difference, Commute (⍨), Under (⍢), Power (⍣), Windowed Reduction (Operators and Functions 1978)
Partitioned Enclose (⊂), First (⊃), Type (⊤), Split (↓), Mix (↑), Not Match, Catenate First (⍪), Compose (∘), Each (¨), Zilde, Choose indexing
1981 SHARP APL function rank, close Over (⍤), Atop (⍥), Under (¨) (Operators and Functions 1978; not widely adopted)
1982 SHARP APL Determinant (.) (Iverson 1982)
1983 SHARP APL Rank operator (⍤) (Whitney 1982)
Left (⊣), Right (⊢), Conditional enclose/Link (⊃)
1984 APL2 Partition (⊂), First (↑) and Mix (⊃) opposite to NARS, Index (⌷), Find (⍷), Depth (≡)
1987 SHARP APL short left argument for Take, Drop
1989 SHARP APL Nub Sieve (≠), Find (⍷), Raze (↓) (A Dictionary of APL 1987)
2009 NARS2000 Function trains (proposed Iverson and McDonnell 1989; J 1990)
2010 NARS2000 Tally (>, changed to ≢ following Dyalog, 2011) (A+ 1988, J 1990)
2010 NARS2000 Indices (⍸) (K 1996, J 2003)
2011 NARS2000 Over (⍥) (SHARP (close) 1981)
2011 NARS2000 Square Root/Root (√) (proposed McDonnell 1986; J 1990)
2011 Dyalog APL Key (⌸) (J 1990)
2014 Dyalog APL 2-train as Atop (proposed Hui 2006; I 2012), major cell search (A+ 1988)
2017 Dyalog APL At (@) (Scholes)
Stencil (⌺) (from Cut: Rationalized APL 1983, J 1994)
Interval Index (⍸) (A+ 1988, J 2006)
Nest (⊆) (SHARP 1983)
2019 dzaima/APL Reverse Compose (⍛) (I 2012, Extended Dyalog APL 2019)
2020 Dyalog APL Atop (⍤) (SHARP (close) 1981), Constant (⍨) (I 2012)

See also

APL built-ins [edit]
Primitives (Timeline) Functions
Scalar
Monadic Conjugate ∙ Negate ∙ Signum ∙ Reciprocal ∙ Magnitude ∙ Exponential ∙ Natural Logarithm ∙ Floor ∙ Ceiling ∙ Factorial ∙ Not ∙ Pi Times ∙ Roll ∙ Type ∙ Imaginary ∙ Square Root ∙ Round
Dyadic Add ∙ Subtract ∙ Times ∙ Divide ∙ Residue ∙ Power ∙ Logarithm ∙ Minimum ∙ Maximum ∙ Binomial ∙ Comparison functions ∙ Boolean functions (And, Or, Nand, Nor) ∙ GCD ∙ LCM ∙ Circular ∙ Complex ∙ Root
Non-Scalar
Structural Shape ∙ Reshape ∙ Tally ∙ Depth ∙ Ravel ∙ Enlist ∙ Table ∙ Catenate ∙ Reverse ∙ Rotate ∙ Transpose ∙ Raze ∙ Mix ∙ Split ∙ Enclose ∙ Nest ∙ Cut (K) ∙ Pair ∙ Link ∙ Partitioned Enclose ∙ Partition
Selection First ∙ Pick ∙ Take ∙ Drop ∙ Unique ∙ Identity ∙ Stop ∙ Select ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Set functions (Intersection ∙ Union ∙ Without) ∙ Bracket indexing ∙ Index ∙ Cartesian Product ∙ Sort
Selector Index generator ∙ Grade ∙ Index Of ∙ Interval Index ∙ Indices ∙ Deal ∙ Prefix and suffix vectors
Computational Match ∙ Not Match ∙ Membership ∙ Find ∙ Nub Sieve ∙ Encode ∙ Decode ∙ Matrix Inverse ∙ Matrix Divide ∙ Format ∙ Execute ∙ Materialise ∙ Range
Operators Monadic Each ∙ Commute ∙ Constant ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Reduce ∙ Windowed Reduce ∙ Scan ∙ Outer Product ∙ Key ∙ I-Beam ∙ Spawn ∙ Function axis ∙ Identity (Null, Ident)
Dyadic Bind ∙ Compositions (Compose, Reverse Compose, Beside, Withe, Atop, Over) ∙ Inner Product ∙ Determinant ∙ Power ∙ At ∙ Under ∙ Rank ∙ Depth ∙ Variant ∙ Stencil ∙ Cut ∙ Direct definition (operator) ∙ Identity (Lev, Dex)
Quad names Index origin ∙ Comparison tolerance ∙ Migration level ∙ Atomic vector
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