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(→‎Primitive functions: Show 1987 primitives in the tables: some guessing, but it's better than using SAX, which may have primitives never added to SHARP)
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== Primitive functions ==
== Primitive functions ==


=== Arithmetic ===
The primitives shown here are those for SHARP APL around 1987, near the end of the decline of [[time-sharing]] APL. Some primitives from [[A Dictionary of APL]] were added after this, including [[Find|In]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍷</syntaxhighlight>), [[Nubsieve]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight>), and [[Raze]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight>), and these appear in [[SAX]].


==== Scalar ====
=== Scalar ===


All scalar functions have rank zero.
All scalar functions have rank zero.
Line 56: Line 56:
! Glyph                              !! Monadic                !! Dyadic
! Glyph                              !! Monadic                !! Dyadic
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>+</syntaxhighlight> || [[Conjugate]]/Identity || [[Addition]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>+</syntaxhighlight> || [[Conjugate]]                 || [[Addition]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>-</syntaxhighlight> || [[Negate]]             || [[Subtraction]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>-</syntaxhighlight> || [[Negate]]                     || [[Subtraction]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>×</syntaxhighlight> || [[Signum]]             || [[Multiplication]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>×</syntaxhighlight> || [[Signum]]                     || [[Multiplication]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>÷</syntaxhighlight> || [[Reciprocal]]         || [[Division]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>÷</syntaxhighlight> || [[Reciprocal]]                 || [[Division]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>*</syntaxhighlight> || [[Exponential]]       || [[Power function|Power]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>*</syntaxhighlight> || [[Exponential]]               || [[Power function|Power]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍟</syntaxhighlight> || [[Natural Logarithm]] || [[Logarithm|Base-⍺ Logarithm]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍟</syntaxhighlight> || [[Natural Logarithm]]         || [[Logarithm|Base-⍺ Logarithm]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>|</syntaxhighlight> || [[Magnitude]]         || [[Residue]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>|</syntaxhighlight> || [[Magnitude]]                 || [[Residue]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>!</syntaxhighlight> || [[Factorial]]         || Out-Of/[[Combinations]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>!</syntaxhighlight> || [[Factorial]]                 || [[Binomial]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌊</syntaxhighlight> || [[Floor]]             || [[Minimum]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌊</syntaxhighlight> || [[Floor]]                     || [[Minimum]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌈</syntaxhighlight> || [[Ceiling]]           || [[Maximum]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌈</syntaxhighlight> || [[Ceiling]]                   || [[Maximum]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight> || [[Pi Times]]           || [[Circle functions]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight> || [[Pi Times]]                   || [[Circle functions]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∧</syntaxhighlight> ||                       || [[And]]/Least Common Multiple (LCM)
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∧</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[And]]/[[LCM]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∨</syntaxhighlight> ||                       || [[Or]]/Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∨</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Or]]/[[GCD]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍲</syntaxhighlight> ||                       || [[Nand]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍲</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Nand]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍱</syntaxhighlight> ||                       || [[Nor]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍱</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Nor]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>~</syntaxhighlight> || [[Not]]               || See [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>~</syntaxhighlight> || [[Not]]                       ||
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>?</syntaxhighlight> || [[Roll]]               || See [[#Non-Scalar|Non-scalar]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>?</syntaxhighlight> || [[Roll]]                       || See [[#Non-Scalar|Non-scalar]]
|}
 
==== Non-scalar ====
 
{| class=wikitable
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic              !! Ranks !! Dyadic
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌹</syntaxhighlight> || 2 || [[Matrix inverse]]    || ∞ 2 || [[Matrix divide]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>?</syntaxhighlight> ||  || See [[#Scalar|Scalar]] || * * || [[Deal]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊤</syntaxhighlight> ||  ||                        || ∞ ∞ || [[Encode]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊥</syntaxhighlight> ||  ||                        || ∞ ∞ || [[Decode]]
|}
 
=== Relational ===
 
{| class=wikitable
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic                            !! Ranks !! Dyadic
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>=</syntaxhighlight> ||  || See [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]] || 0 0 || [[Equals]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight> ||  || See [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]] || 0 0 || [[Not Equals]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline><</syntaxhighlight> ||  || See [[#Structural|Structural]]      || 0 0 || [[Less Than]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≤</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                      || 0 0 || [[Less Than or Equal]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>=</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Equals]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≥</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                      || 0 0 || [[Greater Than or Equal]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Not Equals]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> ||  || See [[#Structural|Structural]]       || 0 0 || [[Greater Than]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline><</syntaxhighlight> || See [[#Non-Scalar|Non-scalar]] || [[Less Than]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≡</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                      || ∞ ∞ || [[Match]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≤</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Less Than or Equal]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∊</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                      || 0 ∞ || [[Membership]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≥</syntaxhighlight> ||                               || [[Greater Than or Equal]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍷</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                      || ∞ ∞ || [[Find]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || See [[#Non-Scalar|Non-scalar]] || [[Greater Than]]
|}
|}


=== Indexing ===
=== Non-scalar ===


{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic                           !! Ranks !! Dyadic
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic             !! Ranks !! Dyadic
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>@</syntaxhighlight> ||   || See [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]] || 0 ∞ || [[Squad Index|From]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌹</syntaxhighlight> || 2 || [[Matrix inverse]]             || ∞ 2 || [[Matrix divide]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍳</syntaxhighlight> || 1 || [[Index Generator|Count]]           || 1 0 || [[Index Of]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>?</syntaxhighlight> ||   || See [[#Scalar|Scalar]]         || * * || [[Deal]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍸</syntaxhighlight> ||  ||                                     || ∞ ∞ || [[Indices of Match|Index]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊤</syntaxhighlight> ||  ||                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Encode]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍋</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Numeric [[Grade up]]                || ∞ ∞ || Character [[Grade up]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊥</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Decode]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍒</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Numeric [[Grade down]]              || ∞ ∞ || Character [[Grade down]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≡</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Match]]
|}
 
=== Structural ===
 
{| class=wikitable
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic                                !! Ranks !! Dyadic
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍴</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Shape|Shape of]]                        || 1 ∞ || [[Reshape]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∊</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                 || 0 ∞ || [[Membership]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑</syntaxhighlight> ||   || See [[#Miscellaneous|Miscellaneous]]     || 1 ∞ || [[Take]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍳</syntaxhighlight> || 1 || [[Index Generator|Count]]       || 1 0 || [[Index Of]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Raze]]                                 || 1 ∞ || [[Drop]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍋</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Numeric [[Grade up]]           || ∞ ∞ || Character [[Grade up]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline><</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Enclose]]/Box                          ||     || See [[#Relational|Relational]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍒</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Numeric [[Grade down]]         || ∞ ∞ || Character [[Grade down]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Enclose if simple|Conditional Enclose]] || ∞ ∞ || [[Link]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍴</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Shape|Shape of]]             || 1 ∞ || [[Reshape]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || 0 || [[Disclose]]/Open                        ||     || See [[#Relational|Relational]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                 || 1 ∞ || [[Take]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>,</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Ravel]]                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Catenate]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                || 1 ∞ || [[Drop]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍪</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Table]]                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Catenate First|Catenate-Down]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline><</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Enclose]]/Box                ||     || See [[#Scalar|Scalar]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight> || 1 || [[Reverse]]                              || 0 1 || [[Rotate]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> ||   ||                                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Link]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Reverse First|Reverse-Down]]           || ∞ ∞ || [[Rotate First|Rotate-Down]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || 0 || [[Disclose]]/Open              ||     || See [[#Scalar|Scalar]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍉</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Monadic [[Transpose]]                    || 0 ∞ || Dyadic [[Transpose]]
|}
 
=== Miscellaneous ===
 
{| class=wikitable
! Glyph                          !! Rank !! Monadic                !! Ranks !! Dyadic
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊣</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Stop]]                 || ∞ ∞ || [[Left Identity|Left]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>,</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Ravel]]                       || ∞ ∞ || [[Catenate]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊢</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Identity|Pass]]         || ∞ ∞ || [[Right Identity|Right]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍪</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Table]]                       || ∞ ∞ || [[Catenate First|Catenate-Down]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Nubsieve]]             ||     || See [[#Relational|Relational]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight> || 1 || [[Reverse]]                     || 0 1 || [[Rotate]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Nub]]                   ||     || See [[#Structural|Structural]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Reverse First|Reverse-Down]] || ∞ ∞ || [[Rotate First|Rotate-Down]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>=</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Nubin]]                 ||     || See [[#Relational|Relational]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍉</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || Monadic [[Transpose]]           || 0 ∞ || Dyadic [[Transpose]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>~</syntaxhighlight> ||   || See [[#Scalar|Scalar]]   || ∞ ∞ || [[Without|Less]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊣</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Stop]]                       || ∞ ∞ || [[Left Identity|Left]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>@</syntaxhighlight> || 1 || [[Cartesian Product|All]] ||     || See [[#Indexing|Indexing]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊢</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Identity|Pass]]               || ∞ ∞ || [[Right Identity|Right]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍕</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Monadic Format]]       || * ∞ || [[Dyadic Format]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍕</syntaxhighlight> || ∞ || [[Monadic Format]]             || * ∞ || [[Dyadic Format]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍎</syntaxhighlight> || * || [[Execute]]               ||    ||
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍎</syntaxhighlight> || * || [[Execute]]                     ||    ||
|}
|}


Revision as of 16:05, 30 January 2024

SHARP APL running under DOSBox

SHARP APL was an APL implementation offered by I.P. Sharp Associates (IPSA), originally as part of its time-sharing service and later as a stand-alone product. It was split off from STSC's APL*PLUS, which until then had been sold jointly by the two companies. SHARP APL was the source of many developments in flat array theory, driven by Ken Iverson and other APL designers at IPSA.

Releases

A partial list of SHARP's major releases is shown.

Number Released Features
1980 Compress extended to Replicate; LCM and GCD; Grade on rank >1[1]
1981-05 Enclosed arrays; Enclose (<), Disclose (>), Match (≡); operators Over (⍤), On (⍥), With (¨); complex numbers[2]
1982-05 Generalized determinant (.); debugging and formatting improvements[3]
1982-11 Complex Floor, Ceiling, and Residue; reference-counted implementation[4]
15 1983-05 Rank operator and Function rank; Lev (⊣), Dex (⊢), Link (⊃)[5]
17 1985-01[6]
19 1987-03 Short left argument for Take/Drop[7]
20 1989-09 In (⍷), Nubsieve (≠), Raze (↓); padding for Disclose (>)[8]

Primitive functions

The primitives shown here are those for SHARP APL around 1987, near the end of the decline of time-sharing APL. Some primitives from A Dictionary of APL were added after this, including In (⍷), Nubsieve (≠), and Raze (↓), and these appear in SAX.

Scalar

All scalar functions have rank zero.

Glyph Monadic Dyadic
+ Conjugate Addition
- Negate Subtraction
× Signum Multiplication
÷ Reciprocal Division
* Exponential Power
⍟ Natural Logarithm Base-⍺ Logarithm
| Magnitude Residue
! Factorial Binomial
⌊ Floor Minimum
⌈ Ceiling Maximum
○ Pi Times Circle functions
∧ And/LCM
∨ Or/GCD
⍲ Nand
⍱ Nor
~ Not
? Roll See Non-scalar
= Equals
≠ Not Equals
< See Non-scalar Less Than
≤ Less Than or Equal
≥ Greater Than or Equal
> See Non-scalar Greater Than

Non-scalar

Glyph Rank Monadic Ranks Dyadic
⌹ 2 Matrix inverse ∞ 2 Matrix divide
? See Scalar * * Deal
⊤ ∞ ∞ Encode
⊥ ∞ ∞ Decode
≡ ∞ ∞ Match
∊ 0 ∞ Membership
⍳ 1 Count 1 0 Index Of
⍋ ∞ Numeric Grade up ∞ ∞ Character Grade up
⍒ ∞ Numeric Grade down ∞ ∞ Character Grade down
⍴ ∞ Shape of 1 ∞ Reshape
↑ 1 ∞ Take
↓ 1 ∞ Drop
< ∞ Enclose/Box See Scalar
⊃ ∞ ∞ Link
> 0 Disclose/Open See Scalar
, ∞ Ravel ∞ ∞ Catenate
⍪ ∞ Table ∞ ∞ Catenate-Down
⌽ 1 Reverse 0 1 Rotate
⊖ ∞ Reverse-Down ∞ ∞ Rotate-Down
⍉ ∞ Monadic Transpose 0 ∞ Dyadic Transpose
⊣ ∞ Stop ∞ ∞ Left
⊢ ∞ Pass ∞ ∞ Right
⍕ ∞ Monadic Format * ∞ Dyadic Format
⍎ * Execute

Primitive Operators

Glyph Operands Ranks Monadic Call Dyadic Call
/ f ∞ Reduce
⌿ f ∞ Reduce-down
\ f ∞ Scan
⍀ f ∞ Scan-down
/ m ∞ Copy/Compress
⌿ m ∞ Copy-down/Compress-down
\ m ∞ Expand
⍀ m ∞ Expand-down
⊂ f ∞ rf lf Swap
& f ∞ ∞ ∞ Select
⍤ f g mg mg mg On (close Over)
⍤ f n n n n Rank
⍤ m g mg mg mg Cut
⍥ f g mg mg mg Upon (close Atop)
¨ f g mg mg mg Under
¨ m g mg With (Bind)
¨ f n mf
. f g 2 ∞ ∞ Alternant Inner-product
. m g ∞ ∞ Tie, Outer-product
. f m mf Ply

Implementation

Numeric types

SHARP originally supported only real numbers using double (8-byte) precision. Numbers were stored in one of three types:

  • Boolean, with one bit per value
  • Integer, with four bytes per value
  • Floating, with eight bytes per value

SATN-40 describes the addition of complex numbers to SHARP APL.

SHARP APL Technical Notes

Features of SHARP APL were documented in "technical notes" issued by IPSA. These notes are numbered following the scheme "SATN-0". Earlier notes typically had no author listed. A pdf collection of SHARP APL Technical Notes is hosted at jsoftware.com, as are html transcriptions of some notes, linked in the table below.

Number Issued Revised Author Title
0 1976-01-01 SATN Introduction
1 1976-01-01 TASKID
2 5 1979-02-14 Control Messages
3 1976-01-01 ⎕OUT
4 2 1978-04-01 N-tasks and B-tasks
5 2 1978-08-01 Batch APL
6 1976-01-01 Execute
7 1976-01-01 Latent Expression
8 2 1978-03-01 HSPRINT
9 1 1979-08-01 John D. Burger Usage Inquiry System
10 2 1978-06-01 SORTREQ
11 1976-01-01 )RESET
12 1976-01-01 )COPY
13 1978-03-10 Early Warnings
14 2 1978-08-15 Package - A New Variable Type
15 Index
16 1976-04-20 File System Must-Write Buffers
17 1976-06-01 Formatting Primitive
18 1976-07-01 ⎕FMT
19 1977-01-01 Fileprint
20 4 1978-06-01 System Variables, Session Variables and System Functions
21 1 1978-06-01 ⎕WS and ⎕FD
22 2 1979-01-01 Bob Bernecky and Mike Symes APL Worspace Transfer
23 1977-06-10 1 1978-07-15 Bob Bernecky Comparison Tolerance (web)
24 1977-03-23 Symbol Table
25 1977-05-15 Extensions to Argument Passing
26 1977-09-10 Enhancements to the File System
28 1977-07-11 Terminal Control
29 1978-06-15 System Time and Timestamps
30 1979-01-01 Numeric Display
31 1979-02-01 Line Editing in SHARP APL
32 1979-03-30 Shared Variables
33 1979-03-26 Event Trapping
34 1980-08-15 Bob Bernecky Replication
35 1980-08-15 Peter Wooster Extended Upgrade and Downgrade
36 1980-04-20 Ken Iverson Direct Definition
37 1 1982-06-01 John D. Burger IBM 3270 User Guide
39 1981-06-01 Richard Lathwell The SHARP APL S-task Interface
40 1981-06-20 Eugene McDonnell Complex Numbers (web)
41 1981-06-20 Ken Iverson Composition and Enclosure (web)
42 1982-04-01 Ken Iverson Determinant-Like Functions Produced by the Dot-Operator (web)
43 1982-11-05 Peter Wooster Improved Display for Enclosed Arrays and a New System Variable ⎕PS
44 1983-04-02 Robert C. Metzger Enhancements to Event Handling
45 1983-05-02 Various Language Extensions of May 1983
46 1983-08-05 Eric Iverson Enhancements Provided in Update #1 to the May 1983 Release of SHARP APL
47 1983-10-01 Mike Symes IBM 3270 User Guide (IDSH)
48 1983-11-30 John D. Burger Workspace 1 HCPRINT

References

  1. ↑ IPSA. SHARP APL Reference Manual Additions and Corrections, June 1981
  2. ↑ IPSA Newsletter July/August 1981 (pdf)
  3. ↑ IPSA Newsletter July/August 1982 (pdf)
  4. ↑ IPSA Newsletter November/December 1982 (pdf)
  5. ↑ "Language Extensions of May 1983". SATN-45, 1983-05-02.
  6. ↑ York University Computer Museum. SHARP APL collection catalogue.
  7. ↑ Robert Bernecky. An Introduction to Function Rank at APL88. APL Quote Quad, Volume 18, Issue 2. December 1987.
  8. ↑ IPSA. "SHARP APL Release 20.0: Guide for APL Programmers".
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