From
From (⊇ or @ and also called Select, or, humourously, Sane Indexing) is a primitive function that selects multiple major cells of its right argument using an array of indices given by its left. The primitive often offers additional functionality for a nested left argument, which varies from one language to another. It appears in SAX (as @), Extended Dyalog APL, dzaima/APL, and Kap (as ⊇), J (as {), and BQN (as ⊏).
Common usage
Select is commonly used to reorder the major cells of an array. For example, the following shuffles any array into random order:
Shuffle←?⍨∘≢⊇⊢
Shuffle 'abcdef'
fbdceaWithout Select, one would have to write Shuffle←⊢⌷⍨∘⊂?⍨∘≢. In this meaning, Select might be written as ⌷⍨∘⊂⍨ or ⌷⍤0 99 in Dyalog APL (where 99 exceeds the system's maximum array rank).
In a case where the left argument is a permutation vector for the right argument, the functionality can rightfully be called Permute.
Select especially cleans up expressions for reordering. An ascending sort can be represented as ⍋⊇⊢ and "sort by" can be written as ⊇⍨∘⍋:
'abcde' ⊇⍨∘⍋ 3 1 4 1 5 bdace
Extensions
Scatter-point
In A Dictionary of APL, J, and SAX, a boxed left argument indicates that each element will be used independently to select a cell of the argument. The behavior on a single element is very similar to APL's Index function. { has a left rank of 0, so that results are mixed together and those with different shapes may be padded with fills.
]a =. 4 4$(a.i.'A')}.a.
ABCD
EFGH
IJKL
MNOP
0 3 2 { a
ABCD
MNOP
IJKL
(0 0;3 3;2 3) { a
APLIn APL this extension can be defined as ⌷⍨∘⊃⍨⍤0 ∞ thus allowing both the above usage and "scatter point indexing":[1]
History
From ({) was introduced in 1983 by Rationalized APL. This description introduced the characteristic feature of selection of multiple cells simultaneously, along with scatter-point indexing and the ability to exclude rather than include indices using a third level of boxing. It was expanded slightly in A Dictionary of APL to allow negative indices and was paired with monadic Catalogue, giving the same meaning for { now used in J. Roger Hui expressed his support for the new definition with a presentation at APL87,[2] and it was included in J from the earliest drafts in 1990—a limited version had even appeared in Arthur Whitney's one-page interpreter prototype.
SHARP APL followed A Dictionary of APL and used {, but this was later deprecated, programmers being told to use @ instead.[3]
The name Select and glyph ⊇ were introduced by Extended Dyalog APL, and subsequently adopted by dzaima/APL and Kap.
BQN uses the name Select like Extended Dyalog APL but takes the direction of the glyph ⊏, as well as negative indexing, from J. For a nested left argument it uses a new extension: instead of viewing nesting as elaboration of each element of the left argument, it instead treats it as providing a list of left arguments to select from multiple axes of the right argument. This extension provides the functionality of APL's Index not by requiring the left argument as a whole to be enclosed but by requiring that each of its elements be an array.
In 2022, Adám Brudzewsky included ⊇ in his Dyalog user meeting presentation, expecting it to be included in Dyalog APL 19.0.[4] However, this didn't happen. Instead he conveyed the opinion of Dyalog CTO, Morten Kromberg, that the primitive would be added in 20.0.[5]
See also
External links
Documentation
- J: Dictionary, Nuvoc
- SAX
- BQN
Publications
References
- ↑ Richard Park. Selecting from Arrays. Dyalog Webinar. 16 Apr 2020. (Presented in the form
((⊃⊣)⌷⊢)⍤0 99.) - ↑ Roger Hui. Some Uses of
{and}at APL87. - ↑ Soliton Associates Limited. SHARP APL for UNIX Language Guide. Deprecated Primitives: Braces. 2000.
- ↑ Adám Brudzewsky. Filling the Core Language Gaps. Dyalog '22. 2022-10-13.
- ↑ Adám Brudzewsky. Chat message 62374963. APL Orchard. 2022-11-14.