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A '''hook''' is an asymmetrical form of function composition that first applies one of the composed functions to one argument, then applies the other function to one argument and the result. In [[J]], a 2-[[train]] is a hook, while [[I]] adds the mirror image to give two functions (I has first-class functions but no operators) hook (<code>h</code>) and backhook (<code>H</code>). [[BQN]] uses two [[operator]]s Before (<code>⊸</code>) and After (<code>⟜</code>), which also serve the purpose of the [[Bind]] operator. | A '''hook''' is an asymmetrical form of function composition that first applies one of the composed functions to one argument, then applies the other function to one argument and the result. In [[J]], a 2-[[train]] is a hook, while [[I]] adds the mirror image to give two functions (I has first-class functions but no operators) hook (<code>h</code>) and backhook (<code>H</code>). [[BQN]] uses two [[operator]]s Before (<code>⊸</code>) and After (<code>⟜</code>), which also serve the purpose of the [[Bind]] operator. | ||
The | The hook as an operator first appeared in [[A Dictionary of APL]] as [[Withe]]. However, [[Ken Iverson|Iverson]] and [[Eugene McDonnell|McDonnell]]'s paper ''Phrasal Forms'', which introduced [[train]]s<ref>[[Ken Iverson]] and [[Eugene McDonnell]]. [http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/fork.htm Phrasal forms] at [[APL89]].</ref>, proposed hook as the meaning of a 2-train, and this was soon included in [[J]]. This definition specifies that <source lang=j inline>(F G) y</source> is <source lang=j inline>y F G y</source> and <source lang=j inline>x (F G) y</source> is <source lang=j inline>x F G y</source>. However, [[Roger Hui]] later opined that this definition was better suited to a dyadic operator (which could be denoted <source lang=j inline>h.</source>) than an element of syntax,<ref>[[Roger Hui]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Essays/Hook_Conjunction%3F Hook Conjunction?]. J Wiki essays. 2006. Accessed 2021-02-08.</ref> and defined to 2-train to represent [[Atop]] instead when he led the introduction of trains to [[Dyalog APL]]. By that time, Dyalog had long had the [[Beside]] (originally called ''Compose'') operator which is equivalent to <source lang=j inline>x F h. G y</source>, that is, the dyadic case. The monadic functionality can be achieved using [[Commute]] as <source lang=apl inline>F∘G⍨y</source> and the full [[ambivalent]] function can be written as <source lang=apl inline>F∘G⍨⍨</source>. | ||
In [[I]] and [[BQN]], there are two hooks in order to maintain symmetry: for example, BQN defines Before (<code>⊸</code>) to be the dyadic operator <code>{(𝔽𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔾𝕩}</code> ("<code>𝔾</code>'s left argument comes from <code>𝔽</code>") and After (<code>⟜</code>) to be <code>{(𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔽𝔾𝕩}</code> ("<code>𝔽</code>'s right argument comes from <code>𝔾</code>"). In the dyadic case these functions are identical to [[Reverse Compose]] and [[Beside]] respectively, but in the monadic case they differ because the argument is used twice: the second function application takes it as an argument directly in addition to the result of the first function application. | In [[I]] and [[BQN]], there are two hooks in order to maintain symmetry: for example, BQN defines Before (<code>⊸</code>) to be the dyadic operator <code>{(𝔽𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔾𝕩}</code> ("<code>𝔾</code>'s left argument comes from <code>𝔽</code>") and After (<code>⟜</code>) to be <code>{(𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔽𝔾𝕩}</code> ("<code>𝔽</code>'s right argument comes from <code>𝔾</code>"). In the dyadic case these functions are identical to [[Reverse Compose]] and [[Beside]] respectively, but in the monadic case they differ because the argument is used twice: the second function application takes it as an argument directly in addition to the result of the first function application. | ||
Revision as of 18:40, 1 September 2021
A hook is an asymmetrical form of function composition that first applies one of the composed functions to one argument, then applies the other function to one argument and the result. In J, a 2-train is a hook, while I adds the mirror image to give two functions (I has first-class functions but no operators) hook (h) and backhook (H). BQN uses two operators Before (⊸) and After (⟜), which also serve the purpose of the Bind operator.
The hook as an operator first appeared in A Dictionary of APL as Withe. However, Iverson and McDonnell's paper Phrasal Forms, which introduced trains[1], proposed hook as the meaning of a 2-train, and this was soon included in J. This definition specifies that (F G) y is y F G y and x (F G) y is x F G y. However, Roger Hui later opined that this definition was better suited to a dyadic operator (which could be denoted h.) than an element of syntax,[2] and defined to 2-train to represent Atop instead when he led the introduction of trains to Dyalog APL. By that time, Dyalog had long had the Beside (originally called Compose) operator which is equivalent to x F h. G y, that is, the dyadic case. The monadic functionality can be achieved using Commute as F∘G⍨y and the full ambivalent function can be written as F∘G⍨⍨.
In I and BQN, there are two hooks in order to maintain symmetry: for example, BQN defines Before (⊸) to be the dyadic operator {(𝔽𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔾𝕩} ("𝔾's left argument comes from 𝔽") and After (⟜) to be {(𝕨⊣𝕩)𝔽𝔾𝕩} ("𝔽's right argument comes from 𝔾"). In the dyadic case these functions are identical to Reverse Compose and Beside respectively, but in the monadic case they differ because the argument is used twice: the second function application takes it as an argument directly in addition to the result of the first function application.
Like Reverse Compose, the two hooks can be used together to form a split-compose construct.
3‿¯1‿4 ×⊸×⟜| ¯2‿¯7‿1 ⟨ 2 ¯7 1 ⟩
This definition behaves differently that the Compose-based one when only one argument is given: in that case, it becomes a monadic 3-train.
The name "hook" was chosen based on the hook shape of a function call diagram such as the one below, taken from Phrasal Forms.
⍺(fg)⍵ ←→ ⍺fg⍵
f
/ \
⍺ g
\
⍵
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Ken Iverson and Eugene McDonnell. Phrasal forms at APL89.
- ↑ Roger Hui. Hook Conjunction?. J Wiki essays. 2006. Accessed 2021-02-08.