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Over the course of the next few years, various extensions were made to the language, culminating in A+ in 1988, with "+" referring to the graphical user interface. While an A+ development group was formally in 1992, presented the very first version of [[K]] that very same year, and by 1994, K became the official successor of A+. In 2001, the source code was made public, and various volunteers took over development until 2008.  From then until 2014 it was maintained by Robert Lefkowitz.
Over the course of the next few years, various extensions were made to the language, culminating in A+ in 1988, with "+" referring to the graphical user interface. While an A+ development group was formally in 1992, presented the very first version of [[K]] that very same year, and by 1994, K became the official successor of A+. In 2001, the source code was made public, and various volunteers took over development until 2008.  From then until 2014 it was maintained by Robert Lefkowitz.
== Primitives ==
{|class=wikitable
! Glyph                                !! Dyadic                                        !! Monadic
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>+</source>  || [[Add]]                                      || [[Conjugate|Identity]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>-</source>  || [[Subtract]]                                  || [[Negate]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>×</source>  || [[Multiply]]                                  || [[Sign]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>÷</source>  || [[Divide]]                                    || [[Reciprocal]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>*</source>  || [[Power]]                                    || [[Exponential]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍟</source>  || [[Log]]                                      || [[Natural log]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>|</source>  || [[Residue]]                                  || [[Absolute value]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊥</source>  || [[Decode]]                                    || Pack
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊤</source>  || [[Encode]]                                    || Unpack
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>?</source>  || [[Deal]]                                      || [[Roll]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>○</source>  || [[Circle function|Circle]] (sin, cos, ...)    || [[Pi times]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⌹</source>  || [[Solve]]                                    || [[Matrix Inverse]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⌈</source>  || [[Max]]                                      || [[Ceiling]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⌊</source>  || [[Min]]                                      || [[Floor]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline><</source>  || [[Less than]]                                || [[Enclose]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>≤</source>  || [[Less than or Equal to]]                    ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>=</source>  || [[Equal to]]                                  ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>></source>  || [[Greater than]]                              || [[Disclose]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>≥</source>  || [[Greater than or Equal to]]                  ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>≠</source>  || [[Not equal to]]                              ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍋</source>  || [[Bins]]                                      || [[Grade up]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍒</source>  ||                                              || [[Grade down]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>≡</source>  || [[Match]]                                    || [[Depth]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍳</source>  || [[Find]]                                      || Interval ([[Iota]])
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>∊</source>  || [[Member]]                                    || [[Rake]] (like [[Enlist]])
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>^</source>  || [[And]]                                      || Stop
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>∨</source>  || [[Or]] or Cast                                || [[Type]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍕</source>  || [[Format]]                                    || [[Default Format]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍎</source>  || Execute in Context or Protected Execute      || [[Execute]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>%</source>  || Value in Context                              || Value (of a symbol)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>←</source>  || [[Assignment]] or [[Selective Assignment]]    || Result (returns from functions)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊃</source>  || [[Pick]]                                      || [[Raze]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>#</source>  || [[Choose]]                                    || [[Count]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>[;]</source> ||colspan=2| [[Bracket Indexing]] (varying number of arguments)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>↑</source>  || [[Take]]                                      || [[Signal]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>↓</source>  || [[Drop]]                                      || Print
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⌽</source>  || [[Rotate]]                                    || [[Reverse]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍉</source>  || [[Dyadic transpose|Transpose Axes]]          || [[Transpose]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>!</source>  || [[Restructure]]                              || [[Item Ravel]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊂</source>  || Partition (a little like [[Split]])          || Partition Count
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍴</source>  || [[Reshape]]                                  || [[Shape]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊣</source>  || [[Left]]                                      || Null (returns <source lang=apl inline>()</source>)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⊢</source>  ||                                              || [[Right]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>∪</source>  || Combine Symbols                              || Separate Symbols
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>,</source>  || [[Catenate]]                                  || [[Ravel]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>~</source>  || [[Laminate]]                                  || [[Not]]
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>/</source>  || [[Replicate]]                                || [[Reduce]] (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>\</source>  || [[Expand]]                                    || [[Scan]] (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨)
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>.</source>  || [[Inner Product]] (+.×  ⌈.+  ⌊.+)          ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>∘.</source>  || [[Outer Product]] (+ - × ÷ | ⌈ ⌊ < ≤ = ≥ > ≠) ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>@</source>  || [[Rank]]                                      ||
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>¨</source>  ||                                              || [[Each]] or Apply
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>⍨</source>  ||                                              || Bitwise
|}
{{APL dialects}}
{{APL dialects}}

Revision as of 21:09, 9 December 2019

A+ is an extension of the A language. A was created in 1985 by Arthur Whitney, then of Morgan Stanley. At the time, various departments had a significant investment in APL applications and talent, APL being a language well-suited to the manipulation of large arrays of numbers. As technology was moving from the mainframe to distributed systems, there was a search for a suitable APL implementation to run on SunOS, the distributed platform of the period, and this prompted Whitney to create A as a statically typed dialect of APL with various novelties like symbols as a simple scalar type and the Rank operator.

Over the course of the next few years, various extensions were made to the language, culminating in A+ in 1988, with "+" referring to the graphical user interface. While an A+ development group was formally in 1992, presented the very first version of K that very same year, and by 1994, K became the official successor of A+. In 2001, the source code was made public, and various volunteers took over development until 2008. From then until 2014 it was maintained by Robert Lefkowitz.

Primitives

Glyph Dyadic Monadic
+ Add Identity
- Subtract Negate
× Multiply Sign
÷ Divide Reciprocal
* Power Exponential
⍟ Log Natural log
| Residue Absolute value
⊥ Decode Pack
⊤ Encode Unpack
? Deal Roll
○ Circle (sin, cos, ...) Pi times
⌹ Solve Matrix Inverse
⌈ Max Ceiling
⌊ Min Floor
< Less than Enclose
≤ Less than or Equal to
= Equal to
> Greater than Disclose
≥ Greater than or Equal to
≠ Not equal to
⍋ Bins Grade up
⍒ Grade down
≡ Match Depth
⍳ Find Interval (Iota)
∊ Member Rake (like Enlist)
^ And Stop
∨ Or or Cast Type
⍕ Format Default Format
⍎ Execute in Context or Protected Execute Execute
% Value in Context Value (of a symbol)
← Assignment or Selective Assignment Result (returns from functions)
⊃ Pick Raze
# Choose Count
[;] Bracket Indexing (varying number of arguments)
↑ Take Signal
↓ Drop Print
⌽ Rotate Reverse
⍉ Transpose Axes Transpose
! Restructure Item Ravel
⊂ Partition (a little like Split) Partition Count
⍴ Reshape Shape
⊣ Left Null (returns ())
⊢ Right
∪ Combine Symbols Separate Symbols
, Catenate Ravel
~ Laminate Not
/ Replicate Reduce (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨)
\ Expand Scan (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨)
. Inner Product (+.× ⌈.+ ⌊.+)
∘. Outer Product (+ - × ÷ | ⌈ ⌊ < ≤ = ≥ > ≠)
@ Rank
¨ Each or Apply
⍨ Bitwise


APL dialects [edit]
Maintained APL+Win ∙ APL2 ∙ APL64 ∙ APL\iv ∙ Aplette ∙ April ∙ Co-dfns ∙ Dyalog APL ∙ Dyalog APL Vision ∙ dzaima/APL ∙ GNU APL ∙ Kap ∙ NARS2000 ∙ Pometo ∙ TinyAPL
Historical A Programming Language ∙ A+ (A) ∙ APL# ∙ APL2C ∙ APL\360 ∙ APL/700 ∙ APL\1130 ∙ APL\3000 ∙ APL.68000 ∙ APL*PLUS ∙ APL.jl ∙ APL.SV ∙ APLX ∙ Extended Dyalog APL ∙ Iverson notation ∙ IVSYS/7090 ∙ NARS ∙ ngn/apl ∙ openAPL ∙ Operators and Functions ∙ PAT ∙ Rowan ∙ SAX ∙ SHARP APL ∙ Rationalized APL ∙ VisualAPL (APLNext) ∙ VS APL ∙ York APL
Derivatives AHPL ∙ BQN ∙ CoSy ∙ ELI ∙ Glee ∙ I ∙ Ivy ∙ J ∙ Jelly ∙ K (Goal, Klong, Q) ∙ KamilaLisp ∙ Lang5 ∙ Lil ∙ Nial ∙ RAD ∙ Uiua
Overviews Comparison of APL dialects ∙ Timeline of array languages ∙ Timeline of influential array languages ∙ Family tree of array languages
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