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{{Infobox array language
{{Infobox array language
| logo                    = [[file:kap_logo.png]]
| array model              = [[nested array model|nested]]
| array model              = [[nested array model|nested]]
| index origin            = 0
| index origin            = 0
| function styles          = block (like [[dfn]]s)
| function styles          = block (like [[dfn]]s)
| numeric types            = 64-bit float, 64-bit integer, complex (64-bit float components)
| numeric types            = 64-bit float, 64-bit integer, complex (64-bit float components), unlimited precision big rationals
| unicode support          = full
| unicode support          = full
| released                = 2020
| released                = 2020
| developer                = [[Elias Mårtenson]]
| developer                = [[Elias Mårtenson]]
| latest release version  = 2020 (unversioned)
| latest release version  = 2024 (unversioned)
| implementation languages = [[wikipedia:Kotlin_(Programming_Language)|Kotlin]]
| implementation language  = [[wikipedia:Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]]
| source                  = [https://github.com/lokedhs/array GitHub]
| source                  = [https://codeberg.org/loke/array Codeberg]
| platforms                = JVM, Native Linux, In-browser, [[wikipedia:Node.js|Node.js]]
| platforms                = JVM, Native Linux, In-browser, [[wikipedia:Node.js|Node.js]]
| license                  = MIT
| license                  = [[wikipedia:MIT License|MIT]]
| website                  = [https://kapdemo.dhsdevelopments.com/ Kap]
| documentation            = [https://kapdemo.dhsdevelopments.com/reference.html Kap reference]
| file ext                = .kap
| file ext                = .kap
| influenced by            = [[Dyalog APL]]
| influenced by            = [[Dyalog APL]], [[GNU APL]], [[BQN]]
| run online              = [https://kapdemo.dhsdevelopments.com/ JS Client]
| influenced              = [[TinyAPL]]
| run online              = [https://kapdemo.dhsdevelopments.com/clientweb2/ JS Client]
}}
}}


'''KAP''' is an array-based language that aims to implement most of standard APL, along with additional features. Much of standard APL works in KAP, although if an APL feature does not fit with KAP's design, those features are changed or removed.
'''Kap''' is an array-based language that aims to implement most of standard APL, along with additional features. Much of standard APL works in Kap, although if an APL feature does not fit with Kap's design, those features are changed or removed.


== Lazy evaluation ==
== Lazy evaluation ==


The main difference compared to APL is that KAP is lazy-evaluated. This means that the language gives the developers very loose guarantees when (or if, and how many times) a function will actually be invoked. For example, <source lang=apl inline>↑ f¨ ⍳10</source> will only make a single call to <source lang=apl inline>f</source> because <code>f¨ ⍳10</code> will not immediately evaluate the result but only return a delayed evaluation. Since all but the first result is then discarded, those results will never be computed.
The main difference compared to APL is that Kap is lazy-evaluated. This means that the language gives the developers very loose guarantees when (or if, and how many times) a function will actually be invoked. For example, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑ f¨ ⍳10</syntaxhighlight> will only make a single call to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>f</syntaxhighlight> because <code>f¨ ⍳10</code> will not immediately evaluate the result but only return a delayed evaluation. Since all but the first result is then discarded, those results will never be computed.


== Differences from APL ==
== Differences from APL ==


The following is a list of significant differences compared to APL:
The following is a list of significant differences compared to APL:<ref>Mårtenson, Elias. [https://kapdemo.dhsdevelopments.com/kap-comparison.html Kap for APL’ers]. Unversioned. Retrieved 2023-08-13.</ref>


* Lazy evaluation
* Lazy evaluation
* All values are immutable, it is not possible to modify the content of an array
* First class functions
* Bignum support and rational arithmetic
* Ability to define custom syntax
* Ability to define custom syntax
* Native hash table support
* Native hash table support
{{APL dialects}}[[Category:APL dialects]][[Category:Nested array languages]][[Category:Leading axis languages]]
* Parallel evaluation (to take advantage of multi-core CPU's)
 
== Primitives ==
 
=== Functions ===
 
{|class=wikitable
! Glyph                                                !! Monadic                    !! Dyadic
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>+</syntaxhighlight> || [[Conjugate]]              || [[Add]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>-</syntaxhighlight> || [[Negate]]                || [[Subtract]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>×</syntaxhighlight> || Angle ([[Signum]])        || [[Multiply]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>÷</syntaxhighlight> || [[Reciprocal]]            || [[Divide]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>|</syntaxhighlight> || [[Magnitude]]              || [[Mod]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⋆</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Power]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍟</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Log]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>=</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Equals]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Not equals]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline><</syntaxhighlight> || [[Increase rank]]          || [[Less than]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || [[Decrease rank]]          || [[Greater than]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≤</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Less than or equal]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≥</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Greater than or equal]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∧</syntaxhighlight> || [[Sort up]]                || [[Logical and]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∨</syntaxhighlight> || [[Sort down]]              || [[Logical or]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍲</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Logical nand]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍱</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Logical nor]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∼</syntaxhighlight> || [[Logical not]]            || [[Without]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>√</syntaxhighlight> || [[Square root]]            || [[Root]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌊</syntaxhighlight> || [[Floor]]                  || [[Min]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌈</syntaxhighlight> || [[Ceiling]]                || [[Max]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>!</syntaxhighlight> || [[Factorial|Gamma]]        || [[Binomial]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍴</syntaxhighlight> || [[Shape]]                  || [[Reshape]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍳</syntaxhighlight> || [[Index generator]]        || [[Index of]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊢</syntaxhighlight> || [[Identity]]              || [[Right]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊣</syntaxhighlight> || [[Hide]]                  || [[Left]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌷</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Index (function)|Index lookup]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊂</syntaxhighlight> || [[Enclose]]                || [[Partitioned enclose]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || [[Disclose]]              || [[Pick]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>,</syntaxhighlight> || [[Ravel]]                  || [[Concatenate]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍪</syntaxhighlight> || [[Table]]                  || [[Concatenate first axis]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑</syntaxhighlight> || [[Take first]]            || [[Take]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight> || [[Drop first]]            || [[Drop]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>?</syntaxhighlight> || [[Roll]]                  || [[Deal]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight> || [[Reverse horizontally]]  || [[Rotate horizontally]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight> || [[Reverse vertically]]    || [[Rotate vertically]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍉</syntaxhighlight> || [[Transpose]]              || [[Transpose by axis]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∊</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Member]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍷</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Find]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍋</syntaxhighlight> || [[Grade up]]              ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍒</syntaxhighlight> || [[Grade down]]            ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⫽</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Replicate]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍕</syntaxhighlight> || [[Format]]                ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍎</syntaxhighlight> || Parse number              ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>%</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Case]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊆</syntaxhighlight> || [[Nest]]                  || [[Partitioned enclose]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊇</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Select]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∩</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Intersection]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌸</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Key]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>{⍺⍵}⌸</syntaxhighlight> in Dyalog)
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∪</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Union]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊤</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Decode]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊥</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Encode]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌹</syntaxhighlight> || [[Matrix inverse]]        || [[Matrix division]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≡</syntaxhighlight> || [[Depth]]                  || [[Compare equal]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≢</syntaxhighlight> || [[Tally|Size of major axis]] || [[Compare not equals]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>→</syntaxhighlight> || Return from a function    ||
|}
 
=== Operators ===
 
{|class=wikitable
! Syntax                                                !! Monadic                    !! Dyadic
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F¨</syntaxhighlight>  ||colspan=2| [[For each]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F/</syntaxhighlight>  || [[Reduce]]                || [[Windowed reduce]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⌿</syntaxhighlight>  || [[Reduce leading axis]]    || [[Windowed reduce leading axis]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⌻</syntaxhighlight><br/><syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>•.F</syntaxhighlight>
                                                          |                            || [[Outer product]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F•G</syntaxhighlight> ||                            || [[Inner product]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍨</syntaxhighlight>  || [[Self|Duplicate]]        || [[Commute]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍣k</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Power operator]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F\</syntaxhighlight>  || [[Scan]]                  ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍀</syntaxhighlight>  || [[Scan first axis]]        ||
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍤k</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Rank operator]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F∵</syntaxhighlight>  ||colspan=2| Derive bitwise
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F∥</syntaxhighlight>  ||colspan=2| [[Parallel]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F˝</syntaxhighlight>  ||colspan=2| [[Inverse]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F∘G</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Withe|Compose]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍛G</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Inverse compose]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍥G</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Over]]
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>F⍢G</syntaxhighlight> ||colspan=2| [[Structural under]]
|}
 
In addition to these, Kap uses the glyphs <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>«</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>»</syntaxhighlight> to form [[Fork]]s. These are not operators, although they resemble them syntactically.
 
== External links ==
 
* [[Array Cast]] episode 72, [https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode72-kap Elias Mårtenson and the Kap array programming language]
 
== References ==
<references/>
{{APL dialects}}[[Category:APL dialects]][[Category:Nested array languages]][[Category:Languages with first-class functions]][[Category:Leading axis languages]]

Latest revision as of 11:53, 29 August 2024


Kap is an array-based language that aims to implement most of standard APL, along with additional features. Much of standard APL works in Kap, although if an APL feature does not fit with Kap's design, those features are changed or removed.

Lazy evaluation

The main difference compared to APL is that Kap is lazy-evaluated. This means that the language gives the developers very loose guarantees when (or if, and how many times) a function will actually be invoked. For example, ↑ f¨ ⍳10 will only make a single call to f because f¨ ⍳10 will not immediately evaluate the result but only return a delayed evaluation. Since all but the first result is then discarded, those results will never be computed.

Differences from APL

The following is a list of significant differences compared to APL:[1]

  • Lazy evaluation
  • First class functions
  • Bignum support and rational arithmetic
  • Ability to define custom syntax
  • Native hash table support
  • Parallel evaluation (to take advantage of multi-core CPU's)

Primitives

Functions

Glyph Monadic Dyadic
+ Conjugate Add
- Negate Subtract
× Angle (Signum) Multiply
÷ Reciprocal Divide
| Magnitude Mod
⋆ Power
⍟ Log
= Equals
≠ Not equals
< Increase rank Less than
> Decrease rank Greater than
≤ Less than or equal
≥ Greater than or equal
∧ Sort up Logical and
∨ Sort down Logical or
⍲ Logical nand
⍱ Logical nor
∼ Logical not Without
√ Square root Root
⌊ Floor Min
⌈ Ceiling Max
! Gamma Binomial
⍴ Shape Reshape
⍳ Index generator Index of
⊢ Identity Right
⊣ Hide Left
⌷ Index lookup
⊂ Enclose Partitioned enclose
⊃ Disclose Pick
, Ravel Concatenate
⍪ Table Concatenate first axis
↑ Take first Take
↓ Drop first Drop
? Roll Deal
⌽ Reverse horizontally Rotate horizontally
⊖ Reverse vertically Rotate vertically
⍉ Transpose Transpose by axis
∊ Member
⍷ Find
⍋ Grade up
⍒ Grade down
⫽ Replicate
⍕ Format
⍎ Parse number
% Case
⊆ Nest Partitioned enclose
⊇ Select
∩ Intersection
⌸ Key ({⍺⍵}⌸ in Dyalog)
∪ Union
⊤ Decode
⊥ Encode
⌹ Matrix inverse Matrix division
≡ Depth Compare equal
≢ Size of major axis Compare not equals
→ Return from a function

Operators

Syntax Monadic Dyadic
F¨ For each
F/ Reduce Windowed reduce
F⌿ Reduce leading axis Windowed reduce leading axis
F⌻
•.F 		Outer product
F•G Inner product
F⍨ Duplicate Commute
F⍣k Power operator
F\ Scan
F⍀ Scan first axis
F⍤k Rank operator
F∵ Derive bitwise
F∥ Parallel
F˝ Inverse
F∘G Compose
F⍛G Inverse compose
F⍥G Over
F⍢G Structural under

In addition to these, Kap uses the glyphs « and » to form Forks. These are not operators, although they resemble them syntactically.

External links

References

  1. ↑ Mårtenson, Elias. Kap for APL’ers. Unversioned. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
APL dialects [edit]
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Derivatives AHPL ∙ BQN ∙ CoSy ∙ ELI ∙ Glee ∙ I ∙ Ivy ∙ J ∙ Jelly ∙ K (Goal, Klong, Q) ∙ KamilaLisp ∙ Lang5 ∙ Lil ∙ Nial ∙ RAD ∙ Uiua
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