Reverse

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Reverse (⌽, ⊖) is a monadic function which reorders elements of the argument to go in the opposite direction along a specified axis. The name Reverse is typically used for the primitive <source lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight>, which reverses along the last axis, while <source lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight>, which reverses along the first axis, is called "Reverse First", "Reverse-down", or similar. In APLs with function axis, either form may use a specified axis which overrides this default choice of axis. In the leading axis model, specifying an axis is discouraged in favor of using <source lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight> with the Rank operator.

Examples

Reverse flips a matrix horizontally, changing elements to go right to left, and Reverse First flip vertically, so the elements are reordered top to bottom. <source lang=apl> 

     x ← 10 20 30 ∘.+ ⍳6
     x

11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 31 32 33 34 35 36 

     ⌽x

16 15 14 13 12 11 26 25 24 23 22 21 36 35 34 33 32 31 

     ⊖x

31 32 33 34 35 36 21 22 23 24 25 26 11 12 13 14 15 16 </syntaxhighlight> Since a vector only has one axis, any form of Reverse will reverse along this axis. <source lang=apl> 

     ⌽ 'Backwards text'

txet sdrawkcaB 

     ⊖⌽ 'Backwards text'       ⍝ One reverse undoes the other

Backwards text </syntaxhighlight> Reverse with a specified axis can reverse along any of the three dimensions of the array below. <source lang=apl> 

     ⎕←a←2 3 6⍴⍳36
1  2  3  4  5  6
7  8  9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 

     (⌽[1]a)(⌽[2]a)(⌽[3]a)

┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐ │19 20 21 22 23 24│13 14 15 16 17 18│ 6 5 4 3 2 1│ │25 26 27 28 29 30│ 7 8 9 10 11 12│12 11 10 9 8 7│ │31 32 33 34 35 36│ 1 2 3 4 5 6│18 17 16 15 14 13│ │ │ │ │ │ 1 2 3 4 5 6│31 32 33 34 35 36│24 23 22 21 20 19│ │ 7 8 9 10 11 12│25 26 27 28 29 30│30 29 28 27 26 25│ │13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│ └─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> The Rank operator can also be used to reverse along a particular axis. While Rank has no effect on Reverse (last), Reverse First with rank <source lang=apl inline>k</syntaxhighlight> reverses the first axis of each <source lang=apl inline>k</syntaxhighlight>-cell, or the <source lang=apl inline>1+r-k</syntaxhighlight>'th axis of a rank-<source lang=apl inline>r</syntaxhighlight> array. <source lang=apl> 

     ⌽⍤2⊢a                     ⍝ Same as ⌽
5  4  3  2  1  0

11 10 9 8 7 6 17 16 15 14 13 12

23 22 21 20 19 18 29 28 27 26 25 24 35 34 33 32 31 30 

     ⊖⍤2⊢a                    ⍝ Same as ⌽[2]

12 13 14 15 16 17 

6  7  8  9 10 11
0  1  2  3  4  5

30 31 32 33 34 35 24 25 26 27 28 29 18 19 20 21 22 23 

     (⊖⍤3⊢a)(⊖⍤2⊢a)(⊖⍤1⊢a)

┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐ │19 20 21 22 23 24│13 14 15 16 17 18│ 6 5 4 3 2 1│ │25 26 27 28 29 30│ 7 8 9 10 11 12│12 11 10 9 8 7│ │31 32 33 34 35 36│ 1 2 3 4 5 6│18 17 16 15 14 13│ │ │ │ │ │ 1 2 3 4 5 6│31 32 33 34 35 36│24 23 22 21 20 19│ │ 7 8 9 10 11 12│25 26 27 28 29 30│30 29 28 27 26 25│ │13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│ └─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘ </syntaxhighlight> Reversing a scalar has no effect: there are no axes to reverse along. <source lang=apl> 

     ⌽1.1

1.1 </syntaxhighlight>

Description

In languages with function axis, exactly one argument axis may be specified.

Reversing a scalar always yields that scalar unchanged. Otherwise, Reverse operates on a particular axis of its argument. This axis is the specified axis if one is given, and otherwise the last axis for <source lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight>, or the first axis for <source lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight>.

The result array has the same shape and elements as the argument array, but the elements go in the opposite direction along the reversal axis: the first in the argument is last in the result, and so on. Consequently if the length of this axis is 0 or 1 then reversing has no effect.

APL model

The reverse of a vector <source lang=apl inline>x</syntaxhighlight> may be written in any APL, assuming <source lang=apl inline>⎕IO←0</syntaxhighlight>, as <source lang=apl inline>x[(¯1+⍴x)-⍳⍴x]</syntaxhighlight>. To reverse an arbitrary array Squad indexing with axis (or rank) is helpful. <source lang=apl> ReverseAxis ← { 

   ⎕IO←0
   0=≢⍴⍵: ⍵                    ⍝ Return a scalar unchanged
   ⍺ ← ¯1+≢⍴⍵                  ⍝ Assume last axis
   l ← ⍺ ⌷ ⍴⍵                  ⍝ Length of reversed axis
   (⊂l-1+⍳l) ⌷[⍺] ⍵            ⍝ Reverse with indexing

} </syntaxhighlight>

External links

Lessons

Documentation


APL built-ins [edit]
Primitives (Timeline) Functions
Scalar
Monadic Conjugate ∙ Negate ∙ Signum ∙ Reciprocal ∙ Magnitude ∙ Exponential ∙ Natural Logarithm ∙ Floor ∙ Ceiling ∙ Factorial ∙ Not ∙ Pi Times ∙ Roll ∙ Type ∙ Imaginary ∙ Square Root ∙ Round
Dyadic Add ∙ Subtract ∙ Times ∙ Divide ∙ Residue ∙ Power ∙ Logarithm ∙ Minimum ∙ Maximum ∙ Binomial ∙ Comparison functions ∙ Boolean functions (And, Or, Nand, Nor) ∙ GCD ∙ LCM ∙ Circular ∙ Complex ∙ Root
Non-Scalar
Structural Shape ∙ Reshape ∙ Tally ∙ Depth ∙ Ravel ∙ Enlist ∙ Table ∙ Catenate ∙ Reverse ∙ Rotate ∙ Transpose ∙ Raze ∙ Mix ∙ Split ∙ Enclose ∙ Nest ∙ Cut (K) ∙ Pair ∙ Link ∙ Partitioned Enclose ∙ Partition
Selection First ∙ Pick ∙ Take ∙ Drop ∙ Unique ∙ Identity ∙ Stop ∙ Select ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Set functions (Intersection ∙ Union ∙ Without) ∙ Bracket indexing ∙ Index ∙ Cartesian Product ∙ Sort
Selector Index generator ∙ Grade ∙ Index Of ∙ Interval Index ∙ Indices ∙ Deal ∙ Prefix and suffix vectors
Computational Match ∙ Not Match ∙ Membership ∙ Find ∙ Nub Sieve ∙ Encode ∙ Decode ∙ Matrix Inverse ∙ Matrix Divide ∙ Format ∙ Execute ∙ Materialise ∙ Range
Operators Monadic Each ∙ Commute ∙ Constant ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Reduce ∙ Windowed Reduce ∙ Scan ∙ Outer Product ∙ Key ∙ I-Beam ∙ Spawn ∙ Function axis ∙ Identity (Null, Ident)
Dyadic Bind ∙ Compositions (Compose, Reverse Compose, Beside, Withe, Atop, Over) ∙ Inner Product ∙ Determinant ∙ Power ∙ At ∙ Under ∙ Rank ∙ Depth ∙ Variant ∙ Stencil ∙ Cut ∙ Direct definition (operator) ∙ Identity (Lev, Dex)
Quad names Index origin ∙ Comparison tolerance ∙ Migration level ∙ Atomic vector
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