APL\360

APL\360
Developer	IBM
Released	1968 (1966 within IBM)
Latest release	XM6 / 1972
Withdrawn	2012
Array model	flat without boxes
Index origin	)ORIGIN 0 or 1 (later ⎕IO)
Function styles	defined function
Numeric types	floats (64-bit HFP)
Unicode support	no
Implementation language	BAL
Source code	Computer History Museum (license and download)
Platforms	S/360–z/Architecture, IBM 5100+
Operating systems	DOS/360–z/OS
License	Free for non-commercial use / Open source commercial software
Documentation	The APL\360 Terminal System
Run online	IBM 5110 emulator
Influenced by	Iverson notation
Influenced	ISO 8485:1989, ISO/IEC 13751:2001, APL.SV, APL*PLUS, J

APL\360 (stylised as APL\360) was the first implementation of APL using recognizable APL symbols. It ran on the IBM System/360, and was completed in November 1966 though at that time remained in use only within IBM. In 1973 its implementers, Larry Breed, Dick Lathwell and Roger Moore, were awarded the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). It was given "for their work in the design and implementation of APL\360, setting new standards in simplicity, efficiency, reliability and response time for interactive systems."

Beginning in 1975, the IBM 5100 line of microcomputers offered APL\360 as one of two built-in ROM-based interpreted languages for the computer, complete with a keyboard and display that supported all the special symbols used in the language.

Significant developments to APL\360 included CMS/APL, which made use of the virtual storage capabilities of CMS, and APL.SV, which introduced shared variables, system variables and system functions. It was subsequently ported to the IBM System/370 and VSPC platforms until its final release in 1983, after which it was replaced by APL2.

IBM 5110

Availability

APL\360's implementation was completed in 1966, and it was made available within IBM from the Watson Research Center lab in Yorktown Heights starting in November. From the beginning it was an interactive rather than a batch system, with programmers working directly from a terminal rather than submitting jobs to be run. It was generally available only for IBM projects, with IBM's emphasis on PL/I blocking its release as a standalone product, but was used in a few external projects including a 20-person class at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and at the University of Alberta. Syracuse University also connected a terminal to Yorktown Heights starting in late 1967. In this period SUNY Binghamton became the first facility outside IBM to have APL installed, due to its connection with IBM-Endicott.

IBM released APL\360 in August 1968 (APL\1130 had been released that spring) as a Type-III or unsupported library. In 1969 it was offered as one of IBM's first program products, initially for DOS/360, and next with support for MVT. These products were primarily used by universities, but also rapidly produced interest in time-sharing APL, with at least eight companies offering time-sharing in 1968. Business use of APL\360 was limited by its lack of support for reading and writing files, a problem that would only be addressed in IBM products with APL.SV in 1973. Many companies instead used a derivative system such as APL*PLUS modified to support files.

Implementation

Internal types

APL\360 uses four element types for arrays, three numeric and one character:

• 1-bit packed Boolean
• 4-byte integer
• 8-byte floating point
• 1-byte character

Primitives

APL\360 evolved rapidly during its early development within IBM and more slowly as it became available to outside users. Here we show the primitives described in its documentation in 1968 when it was first released as a stand-alone product (a Type-III Library). Later additions include Matrix Inverse and Matrix Divide; Execute, Format, and Scan introduced by APL.SV; and an axis and Laminate form for the Catenate function.

Functions

Glyph	Monadic	Dyadic
+	Conjugate	Plus
-	Negative	Minus
×	Signum	Times
÷	Reciprocal	Divide
⌈	Ceiling	Maximum
⌊	Floor	Minimum
*	Exponential	Power
⍟	Natural logarithm	Logarithm
|	Magnitude	Residue
?	Roll	Deal
○	Pi times	Circular
!	Factorial	Binomial coefficient
~	Not
∧		And
∨		Or
⍲		Nand
⍱		Nor
<		Less
≤		Not greater
=		Equal
≥		Not less
>		Greater
≠		Not equal
⍴	Size	Reshape
,	Ravel	Catenate
[]		Indexing
⍳	Index generator	Index of
↑		Take
↓		Drop
⍋	Grade up (allows axis)
⍒	Grade down (allows axis)
/		Compress (allows axis)
⌿
\		Expand (allows axis)
⍀
⌽	Reverse (allows axis)	Rotate (allows axis)
⊖
⍉	Transpose
∊		Membership
⊥		Decode
⊤		Encode

Operators

"The OPR is my shepherd; I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green computer centers; he leadeth me beside the still HARDWARE He restoreth my PROCEED LIGHT; he leadeth me in the paths of correct syntax for IBM's name's sake Yea, through I walk through the valley of the shadow of the endless loop, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; thy )OPRN and thy BOUNCE they comfort me. Thou preparest a terminal before me in the presence of mine enemies; though anointest my PRINTOUT with PA!:'S; my workspace runneth over. Surely VALUE ERRORS and SYNTAX ERRORS shall follow me thru all the steps of my programs, and I will dwell in the library of the 360 forever!" IBM/360. Psalm, 1969.

Glyph	Valence	Monadic call	Dyadic call
/	Monadic	Reduction (allows axis)
⌿	Monadic
.	Dyadic		Inner product
∘.	Monadic		Outer product
[]	Monadic	Axis

External links

• Bitsavers: APL
• Norbert Kehrer: IBM 5110 Emulator
• Bitsavers: IBM 5110
• Jamie Raymond: APL\360 ― a 2021 7-part video tutorial