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{{Built-in|Stencil|⌺}} is a primitive [[dyadic operator]] that applies its left [[operand]] to (possibly overlapping) rectangular views of the right argument [[array]]. The [[shape]] and movement of the rectangular views are dictated by the right operand. It was introduced to [[Dyalog APL]] in version 16.0 and is also known as tessellation, moving window, [[wikipedia:stencil code|stencil code]] or cut. The operator can be used for computations involving the immediate neighbours of items in an array and has applications in image processing (particularly [[wikipedia:convolution (computer science)|convolution]]), artificial [[neural networks]] and, most famously, [[wikipedia:cellular automaton|cellular automata]]. The operator derives from a subset (specifically, case 3) of the functionality of [[J]]'s [[Cut]] operator (< | {{Built-in|Stencil|⌺}} is a primitive [[dyadic operator]] that applies its left [[operand]] to (possibly overlapping) rectangular views of the right argument [[array]]. The [[shape]] and movement of the rectangular views are dictated by the right operand. It was introduced to [[Dyalog APL]] in version 16.0 and is also known as tessellation, moving window, [[wikipedia:stencil code|stencil code]] or cut. The operator can be used for computations involving the immediate neighbours of items in an array and has applications in image processing (particularly [[wikipedia:convolution (computer science)|convolution]]), artificial [[neural networks]] and, most famously, [[wikipedia:cellular automaton|cellular automata]]. The operator derives from a subset (specifically, case 3) of the functionality of [[J]]'s [[Cut]] operator (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;.3</syntaxhighlight>),<ref>[[Eugene McDonnell]]: [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/life1.htm Life: Nasty, Brutish, and Short]. [[APL88]]. </ref> which in turn originates in the 3-cut defined in [[Rationalized APL]]. | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
For a call < | For a call <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>f⌺s</syntaxhighlight> the right operand <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>s</syntaxhighlight> can in general be a two-row [[matrix]] of strictly positive integers, where the first row describes the dimensions of the rectangles that will be passed to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>f</syntaxhighlight> and the second row describes the movement along the different [[axis|axes]]. When using stencil <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(f⌺s)Y</syntaxhighlight> the right operand <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>s</syntaxhighlight> in general has <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≢⍴Y</syntaxhighlight> columns. If it has fewer, the rectangles are cut out of the [[major cell]]s of the <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(≢⍴Y) - ≢1⌷s</syntaxhighlight> axis of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>Y</syntaxhighlight>. If <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>s</syntaxhighlight> is a vector or scalar it describes only the size of the rectangles and the movement defaults to 1. Rectangles are centred on [[element]]s of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>Y</syntaxhighlight> whose [[index|indices]] differ by the movements in <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>s</syntaxhighlight> (defaulting to 1), starting with the first element in [[ravel order]]. For a matrix, this is the top left. For even window sizes, the centring is instead on the space between elements or [[cell]]s. Along the edges of the [[argument]] array, the windows are thus subject to be padded with [[fill element]]s. | ||
The number of fill elements in along each axis is given as a vector left argument on each call of < | The number of fill elements in along each axis is given as a vector left argument on each call of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>f</syntaxhighlight> for the respective [[subarray]]. This is designed such that [[Drop]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight>) can take the left and right arguments to remove padding: | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
({⊂⍵}⌺3 3)3 4⍴⍳12 | ({⊂⍵}⌺3 3)3 4⍴⍳12 | ||
┌──────┬───────┬────────┬───────┐ | ┌──────┬───────┬────────┬───────┐ | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
│9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12│ | │9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12│ | ||
└────┴───────┴────────┴─────┘ | └────┴───────┴────────┴─────┘ | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
With a default movement in every direction of 1, the rectangles are centred on neighbouring elements of the array. Here, we simply enclose each neighbourhood: | With a default movement in every direction of 1, the rectangles are centred on neighbouring elements of the array. Here, we simply enclose each neighbourhood: | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
{⊂⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9 | {⊂⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9 | ||
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐ | ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐ | ||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
│0 0 0│0 0 0│0 0 0│ | │0 0 0│0 0 0│0 0 0│ | ||
└─────┴─────┴─────┘ | └─────┴─────┴─────┘ | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
In the following example, each neighbourhood is immediately [[ravel]]led and [[sum]]med: | In the following example, each neighbourhood is immediately [[ravel]]led and [[sum]]med: | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
{+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9 | {+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9 | ||
12 21 16 27 45 33 24 39 28 | 12 21 16 27 45 33 24 39 28 | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
If the number of columns in the right operand to stencil does not match the rank of the right argument, the windowing is applied on the major cells: | If the number of columns in the right operand to stencil does not match the rank of the right argument, the windowing is applied on the major cells: | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
{⊂⍵}⌺(⍪2 2)⊢10 6⍴⍳100 | {⊂⍵}⌺(⍪2 2)⊢10 6⍴⍳100 | ||
┌──────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐ | ┌──────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐ | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
│7 8 9 10 11 12│19 20 21 22 23 24│31 32 33 34 35 36│43 44 45 46 47 48│55 56 57 58 59 60│ | │7 8 9 10 11 12│19 20 21 22 23 24│31 32 33 34 35 36│43 44 45 46 47 48│55 56 57 58 59 60│ | ||
└──────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘ | └──────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘ | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
Stencil allows for a very succinct expression of a [[dfn]] that calculates the next iteration in [[Conway's Game of Life]] (on a rectangle bound by zeros). Inspired by an algorithm from [[Arthur Whitney]] written in [[K]] and adapted to APL by Jay Foad: | Stencil allows for a very succinct expression of a [[dfn]] that calculates the next iteration in [[Conway's Game of Life]] (on a rectangle bound by zeros). Inspired by an algorithm from [[Arthur Whitney]] written in [[K]] and adapted to APL by Jay Foad: | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
⎕IO←0 | ⎕IO←0 | ||
life ← {3=s-⍵∧4=s←{+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢⍵} | life ← {3=s-⍵∧4=s←{+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢⍵} | ||
| Line 88: | Line 88: | ||
│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│...⍠.│ | │.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│...⍠.│ | ||
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘ | └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘ | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Windowed Reduce]] | * [[Windowed Reduce]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:11, 28 January 2024
⌺
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Stencil (⌺) is a primitive dyadic operator that applies its left operand to (possibly overlapping) rectangular views of the right argument array. The shape and movement of the rectangular views are dictated by the right operand. It was introduced to Dyalog APL in version 16.0 and is also known as tessellation, moving window, stencil code or cut. The operator can be used for computations involving the immediate neighbours of items in an array and has applications in image processing (particularly convolution), artificial neural networks and, most famously, cellular automata. The operator derives from a subset (specifically, case 3) of the functionality of J's Cut operator (;.3),[1] which in turn originates in the 3-cut defined in Rationalized APL.
Description
For a call f⌺s the right operand s can in general be a two-row matrix of strictly positive integers, where the first row describes the dimensions of the rectangles that will be passed to f and the second row describes the movement along the different axes. When using stencil (f⌺s)Y the right operand s in general has ≢⍴Y columns. If it has fewer, the rectangles are cut out of the major cells of the (≢⍴Y) - ≢1⌷s axis of Y. If s is a vector or scalar it describes only the size of the rectangles and the movement defaults to 1. Rectangles are centred on elements of Y whose indices differ by the movements in s (defaulting to 1), starting with the first element in ravel order. For a matrix, this is the top left. For even window sizes, the centring is instead on the space between elements or cells. Along the edges of the argument array, the windows are thus subject to be padded with fill elements.
The number of fill elements in along each axis is given as a vector left argument on each call of f for the respective subarray. This is designed such that Drop (↓) can take the left and right arguments to remove padding:
({⊂⍵}⌺3 3)3 4⍴⍳12
┌──────┬───────┬────────┬───────┐
│0 0 0 │0 0 0 │0 0 0 │0 0 0 │
│0 1 2 │1 2 3 │2 3 4 │3 4 0 │
│0 5 6 │5 6 7 │6 7 8 │7 8 0 │
├──────┼───────┼────────┼───────┤
│0 1 2│1 2 3│ 2 3 4│ 3 4 0│
│0 5 6│5 6 7│ 6 7 8│ 7 8 0│
│0 9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12 0│
├──────┼───────┼────────┼───────┤
│0 5 6│5 6 7│ 6 7 8│ 7 8 0│
│0 9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12 0│
│0 0 0│0 0 0│ 0 0 0│ 0 0 0│
└──────┴───────┴────────┴───────┘
({⊂⍺}⌺3 3)3 4⍴⍳12
┌────┬────┬────┬─────┐
│1 1 │1 0 │1 0 │1 ¯1 │
├────┼────┼────┼─────┤
│0 1 │0 0 │0 0 │0 ¯1 │
├────┼────┼────┼─────┤
│¯1 1│¯1 0│¯1 0│¯1 ¯1│
└────┴────┴────┴─────┘
({⊂⍺↓⍵}⌺3 3)3 4⍴⍳12
┌────┬───────┬────────┬─────┐
│1 2 │1 2 3 │2 3 4 │3 4 │
│5 6 │5 6 7 │6 7 8 │7 8 │
├────┼───────┼────────┼─────┤
│1 2│1 2 3│ 2 3 4│ 3 4│
│5 6│5 6 7│ 6 7 8│ 7 8│
│9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12│
├────┼───────┼────────┼─────┤
│5 6│5 6 7│ 6 7 8│ 7 8│
│9 10│9 10 11│10 11 12│11 12│
└────┴───────┴────────┴─────┘
Examples
With a default movement in every direction of 1, the rectangles are centred on neighbouring elements of the array. Here, we simply enclose each neighbourhood:
{⊂⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9
┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
│0 0 0│0 0 0│0 0 0│
│0 1 2│1 2 3│2 3 0│
│0 4 5│4 5 6│5 6 0│
├─────┼─────┼─────┤
│0 1 2│1 2 3│2 3 0│
│0 4 5│4 5 6│5 6 0│
│0 7 8│7 8 9│8 9 0│
├─────┼─────┼─────┤
│0 4 5│4 5 6│5 6 0│
│0 7 8│7 8 9│8 9 0│
│0 0 0│0 0 0│0 0 0│
└─────┴─────┴─────┘
In the following example, each neighbourhood is immediately ravelled and summed:
{+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢3 3⍴⍳9
12 21 16 27 45 33 24 39 28
If the number of columns in the right operand to stencil does not match the rank of the right argument, the windowing is applied on the major cells:
{⊂⍵}⌺(⍪2 2)⊢10 6⍴⍳100
┌──────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│1 2 3 4 5 6│13 14 15 16 17 18│25 26 27 28 29 30│37 38 39 40 41 42│49 50 51 52 53 54│
│7 8 9 10 11 12│19 20 21 22 23 24│31 32 33 34 35 36│43 44 45 46 47 48│55 56 57 58 59 60│
└──────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
Stencil allows for a very succinct expression of a dfn that calculates the next iteration in Conway's Game of Life (on a rectangle bound by zeros). Inspired by an algorithm from Arthur Whitney written in K and adapted to APL by Jay Foad:
⎕IO←0
life ← {3=s-⍵∧4=s←{+/,⍵}⌺3 3⊢⍵}
{'.⍠'[⍵]}¨ (⍳8) {life⍣⍺⊢⍵}¨ ⊂glider
┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
│..⍠..│.⍠...│..⍠..│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│
│⍠.⍠..│..⍠⍠.│...⍠.│.⍠.⍠.│...⍠.│..⍠..│...⍠.│.....│
│.⍠⍠..│.⍠⍠..│.⍠⍠⍠.│..⍠⍠.│.⍠.⍠.│...⍠⍠│....⍠│..⍠.⍠│
│.....│.....│.....│..⍠..│..⍠⍠.│..⍠⍠.│..⍠⍠⍠│...⍠⍠│
│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│.....│...⍠.│
└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
See also
External links
Documentation
Publications
- Dyalog '16 presentation by Roger Hui: New Primitive Functions and Operators
- Dyalog blog posts by Roger Hui: Stencil Lives, Towards Improvements to Stencil