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{{Built-ins|Reverse|⌽|⊖}} is a [[monadic function]] which reorders [[elements]] of the argument to go in the opposite direction along a specified [[axis]]. The name Reverse is typically used for the primitive <source lang=apl inline>⌽</source>, which reverses along the last axis, while <source lang=apl inline>⊖</source>, which reverses along the first axis, is called "Reverse First", "Reverse-down", or similar. In APLs with [[function axis]], either form may use a specified axis which overrides this default choice of axis. In the [[leading axis model]], specifying an axis is discouraged in favor of using <source lang=apl inline>⊖</source> with the [[Rank operator]].
{{Built-ins|Reverse|⌽|⊖}} is a [[monadic function]] which reorders [[elements]] of the argument to go in the opposite direction along a specified [[axis]]. The name Reverse is typically used for the primitive <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight>, which reverses along the last axis, while <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight>, which reverses along the first axis, is called "Reverse First", "Reverse-down", or similar. In APLs with [[function axis]], either form may use a specified axis which overrides this default choice of axis. In the [[leading axis model]], specifying an axis is discouraged in favor of using <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight> with the [[Rank operator]].


== Examples ==
== Examples ==


Reverse flips a [[matrix]] horizontally, changing elements to go right to left, and Reverse First flip vertically, so the elements are reordered top to bottom.
Reverse flips a [[matrix]] horizontally, changing elements to go right to left, and Reverse First flip vertically, so the elements are reordered top to bottom.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       x ← 10 20 30 ∘.+ ⍳6
       x ← 10 20 30 ∘.+ ⍳6
       x
       x
Line 18: Line 18:
21 22 23 24 25 26
21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16
11 12 13 14 15 16
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>
Since a [[vector]] only has one axis, any form of Reverse will reverse along this axis.
Since a [[vector]] only has one axis, any form of Reverse will reverse along this axis.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⌽ 'Backwards text'
       ⌽ 'Backwards text'
txet sdrawkcaB
txet sdrawkcaB
       ⊖⌽ 'Backwards text'      ⍝ One reverse undoes the other
       ⊖⌽ 'Backwards text'      ⍝ One reverse undoes the other
Backwards text
Backwards text
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>
Reverse with a [[specified axis]] can reverse along any of the three dimensions of the array below.
Reverse with a [[specified axis]] can reverse along any of the three dimensions of the array below.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⊢a←2 3 6⍴⍳36
       ⎕←a←2 3 6⍴⍳36
  1  2  3  4  5  6
  1  2  3  4  5  6
  7  8  9 10 11 12
  7  8  9 10 11 12
Line 46: Line 46:
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>
The [[Rank operator]] can also be used to reverse along a particular axis. While Rank has no effect on Reverse (last), Reverse First with rank <source lang=apl inline>k</source> reverses the first axis of each <source lang=apl inline>k</source>-cell, or the <source lang=apl inline>1+r-k</source>'th axis of a [[rank]]-<source lang=apl inline>r</source> array.
The [[Rank operator]] can also be used to reverse along a particular axis. While Rank has no effect on Reverse (last), Reverse First with rank <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>k</syntaxhighlight> reverses the first axis of each <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>k</syntaxhighlight>-cell, or the <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>1+r-k</syntaxhighlight>'th axis of a [[rank]]-<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>r</syntaxhighlight> array.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⌽⍤2⊢a                    ⍝ Same as ⌽
       ⌽⍤2⊢a                    ⍝ Same as ⌽
  5  4  3  2  1  0
  5  4  3  2  1  0
Line 75: Line 75:
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>
Reversing a [[scalar]] has no effect: there are no axes to reverse along.
Reversing a [[scalar]] has no effect: there are no axes to reverse along.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⌽1.1
       ⌽1.1
1.1
1.1
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>


== Description ==
== Description ==
Line 86: Line 86:
In languages with [[function axis]], exactly one argument axis may be specified.
In languages with [[function axis]], exactly one argument axis may be specified.


Reversing a [[scalar]] always yields that scalar unchanged. Otherwise, Reverse operates on a particular axis of its argument. This axis is the specified axis if one is given, and otherwise the last axis for <source lang=apl inline>⌽</source>, or the first axis for <source lang=apl inline>⊖</source>.
Reversing a [[scalar]] always yields that scalar unchanged. Otherwise, Reverse operates on a particular axis of its argument. This axis is the specified axis if one is given, and otherwise the last axis for <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌽</syntaxhighlight>, or the first axis for <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊖</syntaxhighlight>.


The result array has the same [[shape]] and [[elements]] as the argument array, but the elements go in the opposite direction along the reversal axis: the first in the argument is last in the result, and so on. Consequently if the length of this axis is 0 or 1 then reversing has no effect.
The result array has the same [[shape]] and [[elements]] as the argument array, but the elements go in the opposite direction along the reversal axis: the first in the argument is last in the result, and so on. Consequently if the length of this axis is 0 or 1 then reversing has no effect.
Line 92: Line 92:
=== APL model ===
=== APL model ===


The reverse of a vector <source lang=apl inline>x</source> may be written in any APL, assuming <source lang=apl inline>⎕IO←0</source>, as <source lang=apl inline>x[(¯1+⍴x)-⍳⍴x]</source>. To reverse an arbitrary array [[Squad indexing]] with axis (or [[Rank operator|rank]]) is helpful.
The reverse of a vector <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>x</syntaxhighlight> may be written in any APL, assuming <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⎕IO←0</syntaxhighlight>, as <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>x[(¯1+⍴x)-⍳⍴x]</syntaxhighlight>. To reverse an arbitrary array [[Squad indexing]] with axis (or [[Rank operator|rank]]) is helpful.
<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
ReverseAxis ← {
ReverseAxis ← {
     ⎕IO←0
     ⎕IO←0
Line 99: Line 99:
     ⍺ ← ¯1+≢⍴⍵                  ⍝ Assume last axis
     ⍺ ← ¯1+≢⍴⍵                  ⍝ Assume last axis
     l ← ⍺ ⌷ ⍴⍵                  ⍝ Length of reversed axis
     l ← ⍺ ⌷ ⍴⍵                  ⍝ Length of reversed axis
     (l-1+⍳l) ⌷[⍺] ⍵             ⍝ Reverse with indexing
     (⊂l-1+⍳l) ⌷[⍺] ⍵           ⍝ Reverse with indexing
}
}
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 111: Line 111:
=== Documentation ===
=== Documentation ===


* [http://help.dyalog.com/latest/index.htm#Language/Primitive%20Functions/Reverse.htm Dyalog]
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/index.htm#Language/Primitive%20Functions/Reverse.htm Dyalog]
* [http://microapl.com/apl_help/ch_020_020_510.htm APLX]
* [http://microapl.com/apl_help/ch_020_020_510.htm APLX]
* J [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/d231.htm Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/bardot NuVoc] (only first-axis reverse exists)
* J [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/d231.htm Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/bardot NuVoc] (only first-axis reverse exists)
* [https://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/doc/reverse.html BQN]


{{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]][[Category:Functions with first- and last-axis forms]]
{{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]][[Category:Functions with first- and last-axis forms]]

Latest revision as of 22:20, 10 September 2022

⌽ ⊖

Reverse (⌽, ⊖) is a monadic function which reorders elements of the argument to go in the opposite direction along a specified axis. The name Reverse is typically used for the primitive ⌽, which reverses along the last axis, while ⊖, which reverses along the first axis, is called "Reverse First", "Reverse-down", or similar. In APLs with function axis, either form may use a specified axis which overrides this default choice of axis. In the leading axis model, specifying an axis is discouraged in favor of using ⊖ with the Rank operator.

Examples

Reverse flips a matrix horizontally, changing elements to go right to left, and Reverse First flip vertically, so the elements are reordered top to bottom. 

      x ← 10 20 30 ∘.+ ⍳6
      x
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
      ⌽x
16 15 14 13 12 11
26 25 24 23 22 21
36 35 34 33 32 31
      ⊖x
31 32 33 34 35 36
21 22 23 24 25 26
11 12 13 14 15 16

Since a vector only has one axis, any form of Reverse will reverse along this axis. 

      ⌽ 'Backwards text'
txet sdrawkcaB
      ⊖⌽ 'Backwards text'       ⍝ One reverse undoes the other
Backwards text

Reverse with a specified axis can reverse along any of the three dimensions of the array below. 

      ⎕←a←2 3 6⍴⍳36
 1  2  3  4  5  6
 7  8  9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
      (⌽[1]a)(⌽[2]a)(⌽[3]a)
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│19 20 21 22 23 24│13 14 15 16 17 18│ 6  5  4  3  2  1│
│25 26 27 28 29 30│ 7  8  9 10 11 12│12 11 10  9  8  7│
│31 32 33 34 35 36│ 1  2  3  4  5  6│18 17 16 15 14 13│
│                 │                 │                 │
│ 1  2  3  4  5  6│31 32 33 34 35 36│24 23 22 21 20 19│
│ 7  8  9 10 11 12│25 26 27 28 29 30│30 29 28 27 26 25│
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

The Rank operator can also be used to reverse along a particular axis. While Rank has no effect on Reverse (last), Reverse First with rank k reverses the first axis of each k-cell, or the 1+r-k'th axis of a rank-r array. 

      ⌽⍤2⊢a                     ⍝ Same as ⌽
 5  4  3  2  1  0
11 10  9  8  7  6
17 16 15 14 13 12

23 22 21 20 19 18
29 28 27 26 25 24
35 34 33 32 31 30
      ⊖⍤2⊢a                    ⍝ Same as ⌽[2]
12 13 14 15 16 17
 6  7  8  9 10 11
 0  1  2  3  4  5

30 31 32 33 34 35
24 25 26 27 28 29
18 19 20 21 22 23
      (⊖⍤3⊢a)(⊖⍤2⊢a)(⊖⍤1⊢a)
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│19 20 21 22 23 24│13 14 15 16 17 18│ 6  5  4  3  2  1│
│25 26 27 28 29 30│ 7  8  9 10 11 12│12 11 10  9  8  7│
│31 32 33 34 35 36│ 1  2  3  4  5  6│18 17 16 15 14 13│
│                 │                 │                 │
│ 1  2  3  4  5  6│31 32 33 34 35 36│24 23 22 21 20 19│
│ 7  8  9 10 11 12│25 26 27 28 29 30│30 29 28 27 26 25│
│13 14 15 16 17 18│19 20 21 22 23 24│36 35 34 33 32 31│
└─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┘

Reversing a scalar has no effect: there are no axes to reverse along. 

      ⌽1.1
1.1

Description

In languages with function axis, exactly one argument axis may be specified.

Reversing a scalar always yields that scalar unchanged. Otherwise, Reverse operates on a particular axis of its argument. This axis is the specified axis if one is given, and otherwise the last axis for ⌽, or the first axis for ⊖.

The result array has the same shape and elements as the argument array, but the elements go in the opposite direction along the reversal axis: the first in the argument is last in the result, and so on. Consequently if the length of this axis is 0 or 1 then reversing has no effect.

APL model

The reverse of a vector x may be written in any APL, assuming ⎕IO←0, as x[(¯1+⍴x)-⍳⍴x]. To reverse an arbitrary array Squad indexing with axis (or rank) is helpful. 

ReverseAxis ← {
    ⎕IO←0
    0=≢⍴⍵: ⍵                    ⍝ Return a scalar unchanged
    ⍺ ← ¯1+≢⍴⍵                  ⍝ Assume last axis
    l ← ⍺ ⌷ ⍴⍵                  ⍝ Length of reversed axis
    (⊂l-1+⍳l) ⌷[⍺] ⍵            ⍝ Reverse with indexing
}

External links

Lessons

Documentation


APL built-ins [edit]
Primitives (Timeline) Functions
Scalar
Monadic Conjugate ∙ Negate ∙ Signum ∙ Reciprocal ∙ Magnitude ∙ Exponential ∙ Natural Logarithm ∙ Floor ∙ Ceiling ∙ Factorial ∙ Not ∙ Pi Times ∙ Roll ∙ Type ∙ Imaginary ∙ Square Root ∙ Round
Dyadic Add ∙ Subtract ∙ Times ∙ Divide ∙ Residue ∙ Power ∙ Logarithm ∙ Minimum ∙ Maximum ∙ Binomial ∙ Comparison functions ∙ Boolean functions (And, Or, Nand, Nor) ∙ GCD ∙ LCM ∙ Circular ∙ Complex ∙ Root
Non-Scalar
Structural Shape ∙ Reshape ∙ Tally ∙ Depth ∙ Ravel ∙ Enlist ∙ Table ∙ Catenate ∙ Reverse ∙ Rotate ∙ Transpose ∙ Raze ∙ Mix ∙ Split ∙ Enclose ∙ Nest ∙ Cut (K) ∙ Pair ∙ Link ∙ Partitioned Enclose ∙ Partition
Selection First ∙ Pick ∙ Take ∙ Drop ∙ Unique ∙ Identity ∙ Stop ∙ Select ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Set functions (Intersection ∙ Union ∙ Without) ∙ Bracket indexing ∙ Index ∙ Cartesian Product ∙ Sort
Selector Index generator ∙ Grade ∙ Index Of ∙ Interval Index ∙ Indices ∙ Deal ∙ Prefix and suffix vectors
Computational Match ∙ Not Match ∙ Membership ∙ Find ∙ Nub Sieve ∙ Encode ∙ Decode ∙ Matrix Inverse ∙ Matrix Divide ∙ Format ∙ Execute ∙ Materialise ∙ Range
Operators Monadic Each ∙ Commute ∙ Constant ∙ Replicate ∙ Expand ∙ Reduce ∙ Windowed Reduce ∙ Scan ∙ Outer Product ∙ Key ∙ I-Beam ∙ Spawn ∙ Function axis ∙ Identity (Null, Ident)
Dyadic Bind ∙ Compositions (Compose, Reverse Compose, Beside, Withe, Atop, Over) ∙ Inner Product ∙ Determinant ∙ Power ∙ At ∙ Under ∙ Rank ∙ Depth ∙ Variant ∙ Stencil ∙ Cut ∙ Direct definition (operator) ∙ Identity (Lev, Dex)
Quad names Index origin ∙ Comparison tolerance ∙ Migration level ∙ Atomic vector
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