Comparison of APL dialects: Difference between revisions

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| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || [[Mix]]      || [[SHARP APL]], [[A]], [[A+]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>></syntaxhighlight> || [[Mix]]      || [[SHARP APL]], [[A]], [[A+]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || [[Mix]]      || [[APL2]], [[ISO/IEC 13751:2001]], [[APLX]], [[NARS2000]], [[GNU APL]], [[Kap]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || [[Mix]]      || [[APL2]], [[ISO/IEC 13751:2001]], [[APL2C]], [[APLX]], [[NARS2000]], [[GNU APL]], [[Kap]]
|-
|-
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || [[First]]    || [[ngn/apl]], [[Co-dfns]], [[dzaima/APL]], [[April]]
| <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> || [[First]]    || [[ngn/apl]], [[Co-dfns]], [[dzaima/APL]], [[April]]
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== Complex numbers ==
== Function definition ==
{{Main|Function styles}}


Most dialects support [[complex number]]s, but some ([[dzaima/APL]], [[APLX]], [[APL+Win]]) don't. Dialects with complex numbers also extend [[Circular]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight>) to left arguments designed for complex numbers.
Dialects offer a variety of ways to create [[function]]s and [[operator]]s. The three major branches are [[defined function]]s, which use a header declaring the function and argument names, [[anonymous function]]s such as [[dfn]]s, which also consist of a list of statements but have no header and use fixed argument names, and [[tacit programming|tacit function]]s, which are created by manipulating existing functions with no reference to [[argument]]s.
 
Defined functions were the dominant form for most of APL's history, with only some niche forms based on [[direct definition (notation)|direct definition notation]] appearing in the 1980s: the [[direct definition (operator)|direct definition operator]] in [[NARS]] and a library to translate this notation to defined functions in [[SHARP APL]]. [[Function assignment]], a necessary feature for tacit programming, began to appear in the 1980s, such as in [[Dyalog APL]] version 4.0 in 1986. However, [[train]]s, which make larger-scale tacit programming feasible, were not introduced to APL until around 2010. Dyalog's [[dfn]]s were introduced in 1996 to slow initial adoption; nearly all new dialects of the 2010s and later support a similar syntax. Because of the widespread use of dfns, several of these dialects no longer support a traditional function definition notation.
 
== Numeric types ==
{{Main|Number}}
 
Traditionally, APL supports only one numeric type that is visible to the user, such as a floating-point number, or complex number whose components are floating-point. Other numeric types may be used by the implementation, but only for optimization: for example, [[APL\360]] uses packed 1-bit [[Boolean]] and 4-bit integer arrays that are automatically converted to float if an operation yields a value that doesn't fit in the type. [[ISO/IEC 13751:2001]] specifies that different representations of a number must be indistinguishable to a conforming program (which can call primitives but not implementation-specific system functions).
 
Most often the numeric type is a 64-bit float, for instance [[wikipedia:IBM_hexadecimal_floating_point|HFP]] in early [[IBM]] dialects and [[wikipedia:IEEE 754|IEEE 754]] in new dialects since the 1980s. [[Dyalog APL]] supports 128-bit [[decimal float]]s by setting <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⎕FR</syntaxhighlight>. Modern dialects tend to support [[complex number]]s, with exceptions including [[dzaima/APL]], [[APLX]], and [[APL+Win]]. Dialects with complex numbers also extend [[Circular]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight>) to left arguments designed for complex numbers.
 
Some newer dialects provide additional types that are distinguishable from floats, often by greater precision. Extended-precision integers are one possibility: for example, [[dzaima/APL]] provides these if requested with a trailing <code>L</code> in a numeric literal or <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⎕BIG</syntaxhighlight>, while [[Kap]] uses exact rational numbers by default. [[NARS2000]] supports numerous numeric types, and [[April]] provides access to the [[wikipedia:Common Lisp|Common Lisp]] numeric tower, which also includes many types. [[GNU APL]] doesn't support arbitrary precision, but uses 64-bit integers by default, much like [[J]] or [[K]].


== Conformability ==
== Conformability ==
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Furthermore, dialects that implement the [[Rank operator]] differ in their conformability rules for frames. [[Dyalog APL]] and [[SHARP APL]] implement scalar agreement only, [[NARS2000]] implements singleton agreement, and [[A+]] implements leading axis agreement (in addition to extra options allowing the programmer to specify outer-product-like treatment of some axes).
Furthermore, dialects that implement the [[Rank operator]] differ in their conformability rules for frames. [[Dyalog APL]] and [[SHARP APL]] implement scalar agreement only, [[NARS2000]] implements singleton agreement, and [[A+]] implements leading axis agreement (in addition to extra options allowing the programmer to specify outer-product-like treatment of some axes).
== Index origin ==
A few dialects fix the [[index origin]] to 0 rather than allowing it to be configured: [[A+]], [[APL#]], [[ngn/apl]], [[Co-dfns]], and [[Kap]].


== Depth ==
== Depth ==
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The following table shows support for various APL features: nesting either with [[box]]es or the [[nested array model]], [[defined function]]s or similar syntax, [[control structure]]s, [[dfn]]-style anonymous functions, [[tacit]] programming, particularly with [[train]]s, [[complex number]]s, arbitrary-precision integers, [[Unicode]] support, and [[namespace]]s or a similar encapsulation feature. The precise syntax and capabilities of these features might differ between dialects that support them.
The following table shows support for various APL features: nesting either with [[box]]es or the [[nested array model]], [[defined function]]s or similar syntax, [[control structure]]s, [[dfn]]-style anonymous functions, [[tacit]] programming, particularly with [[train]]s, [[complex number]]s, arbitrary-precision integers, [[Unicode]] support, and [[namespace]]s or a similar encapsulation feature. The precise syntax and capabilities of these features might differ between dialects that support them.


Dialects included in the first row include [[APL\360]], [[APL\1130]], [[APL*PLUS]] before II, [[APL/700]], [[APL.SV]], [[APL 5100]], [[MCM/70]], [[VS APL]], [[APL\3000]], and [[Aplette]]. [[Extended Dyalog APL]] and [[Dyalog APL Vision]] have the same feature-set as [[Dyalog APL]].
Dialects included in the first row include [[APL\360]], [[APL\1130]], [[APL*PLUS]] before II, [[APL/700]], [[APL.SV]], [[APL 5100]], [[MCM/70]], [[VS APL]], [[APL\3000]], and [[Aplette]]. Dates for [[APL+Win]] include those for APL*PLUS. [[Extended Dyalog APL]] and [[Dyalog APL Vision]] have the same feature set as [[Dyalog APL]].


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Dialect                !! Nesting !! [[Tradfn]]s !! [[Control structure|Control]] !! [[Dfn]]s !! [[Tacit]] !! [[Complex]] !! Big int !! Unicode         !! [[Namespace]]
! Dialect                !! Nesting     !! [[Tradfn]]s !! [[Control structure|Control]] !! [[Dfn]]s   !! [[Tacit]]     !! [[Complex]] !! Big int !! [[Unicode]]    !! [[Namespace]]
|-
| [[APL\360]], [[APL.SV]], … || {{No}}            || {{Yes}} || {{No}}            || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}}      || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
| [[APL+Win]]            || {{Yes|Nested (1989)}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes|1994}}      || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}}      || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{Yes|2006}}
|-
| [[SHARP APL]]          || {{Yes|Boxes (1981)}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No}}            || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{Yes|1981}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
| [[NARS]]                || {{Yes|Nested}}        || {{Yes}} || {{No}}            || {{Maybe|[[direct definition (operator)|direct def]]}}
                                                                                                        | {{No}}        || {{No}}      || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
| [[Dyalog APL]]          || {{Yes|Nested}}        || {{Yes}} || {{Yes|1996}}      || {{Yes|1996}}      || {{Yes|2014}}  || {{Yes|2011}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes|2008}}    || {{Yes|1994}}
|-
|-
| [[APL\360]], [[APL.SV]], … || {{No}}       || {{Yes}} || {{No}}            || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
| [[APL2]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{No}}            || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{Yes}}     || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{Yes|1987}}
|-
|-
| [[SHARP APL]]           || {{Yes|Boxes}}   || {{Yes}} || {{No}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}         || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
| [[A+]]                 || {{Yes|Boxes}}         || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}            || {{Maybe|Some}} || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[NARS]]               || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}           || {{Maybe|[[direct definition (NARS)|direct def]]}}
| [[SAX]]                 || {{Yes|Boxes}}         || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{Maybe|Some}} || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
                                                                                                  | {{No}}         || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[Dyalog APL]]         || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
| [[APL2C]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{No}}           || {{No}}         || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{No}}         || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[APL2]]                || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{Yes}}
| [[APLX]]                || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{No}}          || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[A+]]                 || {{Yes|Boxes}}   || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{No}}           || {{Maybe|Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}         || {{No}}
| [[NARS2000]]           || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes|2009}}   || {{Yes}}     || {{Yes}} || {{Maybe|UCS-2}} || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[APL*PLUS II]]         || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}         || {{No}}
| [[VisualAPL]]           || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}        || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[SAX]]                 || {{Yes|Boxes}}   || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{No}}           || {{Maybe|Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}         || {{No}}
| [[APL#]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{No}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[APL*PLUS III]]       || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{No}}         || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}         || {{No}}
| [[ngn/apl]]             || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{No}} || {{No}}           || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{Yes}}     || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[APL+Win]]            || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{No}}        || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}         || {{Yes}}
| [[GNU APL]]            || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Maybe|If-else}} || {{Maybe|Limited}} || {{No}}        || {{Yes}}     || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[APLX]]               || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{No}}         || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}         || {{No}}
| [[April]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{No}} || {{No}}           || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{Yes}}     || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[NARS2000]]           || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Maybe|UCS-2}} || {{No}}
| [[dzaima/APL]]         || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{No}} || {{No}}           || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}        || {{No}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[VisualAPL]]           || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{No}}         || {{No}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[APL\iv]]             || {{Maybe|Lists}}       || {{No}} || {{No}}           || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{Yes}}     || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{No}}
|-
|-
| [[APL#]]               || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}        || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[Kap]]                 || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}     || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
|-
|-
| [[ngn/apl]]             || {{Yes|Nested}} || {{No}} || {{No}}           || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}       || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{No}}
| [[APL64]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}       || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}           || {{No}}         || {{No}}       || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
|}
 
== Development and platform ==
 
Shown are the release year, year of last release for inactive languages, withdrawal or discontinuation year for products that are no longer available, developer, implementation language, and host system. Systems capable of being compiled for multiple native hosts are indicated as "portable".
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Dialect                !! Released !! Inactive      !! Dropped      !! Developer                                    !! Language                                                                                                  !! Host
|-
|-
| [[GNU APL]]             || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{Yes}} || {{Maybe|If-else}} || {{Maybe|Limited}} || {{No}}        || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[APL\1130]]           || 1968    ||               || {{No|?}}     || [[IBM]]                                      || 1130 assembler                                                                                            || [[wikipedia:IBM 1130|IBM 1130]]
|-
|-
| [[Co-dfns]]            || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{No}} || {{No}}            || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{Maybe|Partial}}
| [[APL\360]]            || 1968    || {{Maybe|1972}} || {{No|2012}} || [[IBM]]                                      || [[wikipedia:IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors|BAL]]                                              || S/360–z/Architecture, IBM 5100+
|-
|-
| [[April]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{No}} || {{No}}            || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[APL*PLUS]]           || 1970    || {{Maybe|1995}} || {{No|2012}} || [[STSC]]                                      || [[wikipedia:IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors|BAL]], [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]]    || S/370, TRS-80, portable
|-
|-
| [[dzaima/APL]]         || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{No}}  || {{No}}            || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}        || {{No}}  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[APL/700]]             || 1971?    ||               || {{No|?}}     || [[wikipedia:Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] || [[wikipedia:ALGOL 60|ALGOL 60]]                                                                            || Burroughs [[wikipedia:Burroughs_large_systems#B6700_and_B7700|B 6700/B 7700]]
|-
|-
| [[APL\iv]]              || {{Maybe|Lists}} || {{No}}  || {{No}}            || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}} || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}        || {{No}}
| [[APL.SV]]              || 1973    ||               || {{No|?}}     || [[IBM]]                                      || [[wikipedia:IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors|BAL]]                                              ||
|-
|-
| [[Kap]]                 || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}          || {{Yes}}           || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}        || {{Yes}}
| [[APL 5100]]           || 1976    ||               || {{No|?}}     || [[IBM]]                                      || [[wikipedia:IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors|BAL]]                                              || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_5100 IBM 5100]
|-
|-
| [[APL64]]               || {{Yes|Nested}}  || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}           || {{No}}            || {{No}}         || {{No}}  || {{No}}  || {{Yes}}         || {{Yes}}
| [[MCM/70]]             || 1974    ||                || {{No|1983}}  || MCM                                          ||                                                                                                            || MCM/70
|-
| [[VS APL]]              || 1976    ||                || {{No|?}}     || [[IBM]]                                      || [[wikipedia:IBM_Basic_Assembly_Language_and_successors|BAL]]                                              || OS/VS, DOS/VS
|-
| [[SHARP APL]]          || 1976    || {{Maybe|1989}} || {{No|1993?}} || [[IPSA]]                                      ||                                                                                                            || S/370, later portable
|-
| [[APL\3000]]           || 1976    ||                || {{No|1980s}} || [[wikipedia:Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard]] ||                                                                                                            || [[wikipedia:HP 3000|HP 3000]] Series II / III
|-
| [[NARS]]                || 1981    ||                || {{No|1989?}} || [[STSC]]                                      || 370 assembler, APL                                                                                        || [[wikipedia:System/370|System/370]]
|-
| [[Dyalog APL]]          || 1983    ||                ||              || [[Dyalog Ltd.]]                              || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], [[wikipedia:C++|C++]], APL                                      || Portable
|-
| [[A+]]                  || 1988    || {{Maybe|2014}} ||              || [[Arthur Whitney]]                            || [[wikipedia:C++|C++]]                                                                                      || Portable
|-
| [[APL2]]                || 1984    ||                ||              || [[IBM]]                                      ||                                                                                                            || IBM mainframes, portable
|-
| [[SAX]]                || 1993    || {{Maybe|2000}} || {{No|2017?}} || [[Soliton]]                                  || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]]                                                                  || Portable
|-
| [[APL+Win]]            || 1995    || {{Maybe|2019}} ||              || [[APL2000]]                                  ||                                                                                                            || Portable
|-
| [[APL2C]]              || 2001    || {{Maybe|2002}} ||              || Tilman Otto                                  || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]]                                                                  || Windows 9x/NT/2000
|-
| [[APLX]]                || 2002    || {{Maybe|2016}} || {{No|2016}}  || [[MicroAPL Ltd.]]                            || [[wikipedia:C_(programming_language)|C]], [[wikipedia:C++|C++]]                                            || Portable
|-
| [[NARS2000]]            || 2006    || {{Maybe|2019}} ||              || [[Bob Smith]]                                || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], APL                                                              || Portable
|-
| [[VisualAPL]]          || 2009    ||                || {{No|2011}}  || [[APL2000]]                                  || [[wikipedia:C_Sharp_(programming_language)|C#]]                                                            || [[.NET]] ([[wikipedia:Common Language Infrastructure|CLI]])
|-
| [[APL#]]                || 2010    ||                || {{No|2012}} || [[Dyalog Ltd.]]                              || [[wikipedia:C_Sharp_(programming_language)|C#]]                                                            || [[.NET]] ([[wikipedia:Common Language Infrastructure|CLI]])
|-
| [[ngn/apl]]            || 2011    || {{Maybe|2018}} ||              || Nick Nickolov                                || [[wikipedia:Javascript|Javascript]]                                                                        || In-browser, [[wikipedia:Node.js|Node.js]]
|-
| [[GNU APL]]            || 2013    ||                ||              || Jürgen Sauermann                              || [[wikipedia:C++|C++]]                                                                                      || Portable
|-
| [[Aplette]]            || 2014    || {{Maybe|2020}} ||              || Greg F. Johnson                              || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]]                                                                  || Portable
|-
| [[Co-dfns]]            || 2014    ||                ||              || [[Aaron Hsu]]                                || [[Dyalog APL]]                                                                                            || [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], [[wikipedia:ArrayFire|ArrayFire]] (GPU) targets
|-
| [[April]]              || 2018    ||                ||              || Andrew Sengul                                || [[wikipedia:Common Lisp|Common Lisp]]                                                                      || Common Lisp runtime
|-
| [[dzaima/APL]]          || 2018    || {{Maybe|2020}} ||              || [[dzaima]]                                    || [[wikipedia:Java (programming language)|Java]], [[wikipedia:Processing (programming language)|Processing]] || JVM, Android
|-
| [[APL\iv]]              || 2018    || {{Maybe|2019}} ||              || [https://github.com/ktye ktye]                || [[wikipedia:Go (programming language)|Go]]                                                                || Portable
|-
| [[Extended Dyalog APL]] || 2018    || {{Maybe|2021}} ||              || [[Adám Brudzewsky]]                          || [[Dyalog APL]]                                                                                            || [[Dyalog APL]]
|-
| [[Kap]]                || 2020    ||                ||              || Elias Mårtenson                              || [[wikipedia:Kotlin (programming language)|Kotlin]]                                                        || Portable
|-
| [[APL64]]              || 2022    ||                ||              || [[APL2000]]                                  || [[wikipedia:C_Sharp_(programming_language)|C#]]                                                            || Portable
|-
| [[Dyalog APL Vision]]  || 2022    ||                ||              || [[Adám Brudzewsky]]                          || [[Dyalog APL]]                                                                                            || [[Dyalog APL]]
|}
|}
== See also ==
* [[Unicode#Comparison of implementations]]
* [[Take#Extension support]]
* [[Replicate#Extension support]]
* [[Mix#Language support]]
* [[Laminate#Extension support]]
* [[Not#Extensions]]
* [[Interval Index#History]]
* [[Leading axis theory#Adoption in APL]]
* [[Array notation#Comparison of array notations]]
* [[Timeline of APL primitives]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://omnibar.rubenverg.com Omnibar] lists all glyphs with their meanings and allows custom comparisons between  dialects:[[File:Omnibar|center]]
* [https://omnibar.rubenverg.com Omnibar] lists all glyphs with their meanings and allows custom comparisons between  dialects:[[File:Omnibar|center]]
{{APL dialects}}[[Category:Lists]]
{{APL dialects}}[[Category:Lists]]

Latest revision as of 06:36, 17 March 2024

All APL dialects share core features, and at least the primitives are backwards compatible with those of APL.SV. However, there are important dialectal differences, the most significant of which are described in this article.

Flat versus Nested

One of the most significant differences between APLs is the choice of array model, namely nested or flat. Originally, all APLs were entirely flat, that is, the only scalar values supported were simple and had to be either numbers and characters, and an array had to be homogeneous, that is, consisting entirely of a single type. SHARP APL introduced the box as a third type, such that a box could hold any other array (including a box array), and this allowed for arrays contain other arrays. NARS introduced the nested array model, where any arrays can be an actual element of another array. Most currently maintained dialects (Dyalog APL, NARS2000, APL2, GNU APL, and others) use the nested array model.

Disclose

Disclose is defined, on scalars, to be the inverse of Enclose, giving the sole element of that scalar. This behavior is extended to arbitrary arrays in one of two ways: Mix, which combines all elements, and First, which returns only the first (in ravel order).

In the SHARP APL family, Disclose is written >, and given a function rank of 0, which causes it to behave as Mix. First is not a primitive.

In nested APL dialects, Disclose is written ⊃, and it was extended to First by NARS and to Mix by APL2. The other possible meaning is given the glyph ↑ and named "Mix" or "First" (not "Disclose") as appropriate. Dialects might choose either assignment of glyphs, and Dyalog APL and APL*PLUS allow either to be chosen based on Migration Level.

Glyph Meaning Dialects
> Mix SHARP APL, A, A+
⊃ Mix APL2, ISO/IEC 13751:2001, APL2C, APLX, NARS2000, GNU APL, Kap
⊃ First ngn/apl, Co-dfns, dzaima/APL, April
⊃ Configurable Dyalog APL, APL*PLUS, APL+Win, APL64

Function definition

Main article: Function styles

Dialects offer a variety of ways to create functions and operators. The three major branches are defined functions, which use a header declaring the function and argument names, anonymous functions such as dfns, which also consist of a list of statements but have no header and use fixed argument names, and tacit functions, which are created by manipulating existing functions with no reference to arguments.

Defined functions were the dominant form for most of APL's history, with only some niche forms based on direct definition notation appearing in the 1980s: the direct definition operator in NARS and a library to translate this notation to defined functions in SHARP APL. Function assignment, a necessary feature for tacit programming, began to appear in the 1980s, such as in Dyalog APL version 4.0 in 1986. However, trains, which make larger-scale tacit programming feasible, were not introduced to APL until around 2010. Dyalog's dfns were introduced in 1996 to slow initial adoption; nearly all new dialects of the 2010s and later support a similar syntax. Because of the widespread use of dfns, several of these dialects no longer support a traditional function definition notation.

Numeric types

Main article: Number

Traditionally, APL supports only one numeric type that is visible to the user, such as a floating-point number, or complex number whose components are floating-point. Other numeric types may be used by the implementation, but only for optimization: for example, APL\360 uses packed 1-bit Boolean and 4-bit integer arrays that are automatically converted to float if an operation yields a value that doesn't fit in the type. ISO/IEC 13751:2001 specifies that different representations of a number must be indistinguishable to a conforming program (which can call primitives but not implementation-specific system functions).

Most often the numeric type is a 64-bit float, for instance HFP in early IBM dialects and IEEE 754 in new dialects since the 1980s. Dyalog APL supports 128-bit decimal floats by setting ⎕FR. Modern dialects tend to support complex numbers, with exceptions including dzaima/APL, APLX, and APL+Win. Dialects with complex numbers also extend Circular (○) to left arguments designed for complex numbers.

Some newer dialects provide additional types that are distinguishable from floats, often by greater precision. Extended-precision integers are one possibility: for example, dzaima/APL provides these if requested with a trailing L in a numeric literal or ⎕BIG, while Kap uses exact rational numbers by default. NARS2000 supports numerous numeric types, and April provides access to the Common Lisp numeric tower, which also includes many types. GNU APL doesn't support arbitrary precision, but uses 64-bit integers by default, much like J or K.

Conformability

All APLs implement scalar extension in scalar dyadic functions, and Each if present. However, a few dialects differ in their support for singleton extension. Most support it fully, so that a singleton of any rank is extended. APL2 supports it only for scalars and one-element vectors (and ISO/IEC_13751:2001 specifies only this behavior), and dzaima/APL and Kap support scalar extension only.

Furthermore, dialects that implement the Rank operator differ in their conformability rules for frames. Dyalog APL and SHARP APL implement scalar agreement only, NARS2000 implements singleton agreement, and A+ implements leading axis agreement (in addition to extra options allowing the programmer to specify outer-product-like treatment of some axes).

Index origin

A few dialects fix the index origin to 0 rather than allowing it to be configured: A+, APL#, ngn/apl, Co-dfns, and Kap.

Depth

Dyalog APL defines Depth (≡) to return negative numbers when the depth is uneven. Most other dialects instead define it to return the maximum depth. The original NARS paper assigned the glyph to a function called Simple, which simply answered if the argument was simple or not, without reporting the actual depth. It was thus equivalent to today's 1=≡,Y.

Language features

The following table shows support for various APL features: nesting either with boxes or the nested array model, defined functions or similar syntax, control structures, dfn-style anonymous functions, tacit programming, particularly with trains, complex numbers, arbitrary-precision integers, Unicode support, and namespaces or a similar encapsulation feature. The precise syntax and capabilities of these features might differ between dialects that support them.

Dialects included in the first row include APL\360, APL\1130, APL*PLUS before II, APL/700, APL.SV, APL 5100, MCM/70, VS APL, APL\3000, and Aplette. Dates for APL+Win include those for APL*PLUS. Extended Dyalog APL and Dyalog APL Vision have the same feature set as Dyalog APL.

Dialect Nesting Tradfns Control Dfns Tacit Complex Big int Unicode Namespace
APL\360, APL.SV, … No Yes No No No No No No No
APL+Win Nested (1989) Yes 1994 No No No No No 2006
SHARP APL Boxes (1981) Yes No No No 1981 No No No
NARS Nested Yes No direct def No No No No No
Dyalog APL Nested Yes 1996 1996 2014 2011 No 2008 1994
APL2 Nested Yes No No No Yes No No 1987
A+ Boxes Yes Yes No Some No No No No
SAX Boxes Yes Yes No Some No No No No
APL2C Nested Yes Yes No No No No No No
APLX Nested Yes Yes No No No No No No
NARS2000 Nested Yes Yes Yes 2009 Yes Yes UCS-2 No
VisualAPL Nested Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes
APL# Nested No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
ngn/apl Nested No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
GNU APL Nested Yes If-else Limited No Yes No Yes Yes
April Nested No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
dzaima/APL Nested No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
APL\iv Lists No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Kap Nested Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
APL64 Nested Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes

Development and platform

Shown are the release year, year of last release for inactive languages, withdrawal or discontinuation year for products that are no longer available, developer, implementation language, and host system. Systems capable of being compiled for multiple native hosts are indicated as "portable".

Dialect Released Inactive Dropped Developer Language Host
APL\1130 1968 ? IBM 1130 assembler IBM 1130
APL\360 1968 1972 2012 IBM BAL S/360–z/Architecture, IBM 5100+
APL*PLUS 1970 1995 2012 STSC BAL, C S/370, TRS-80, portable
APL/700 1971? ? Burroughs ALGOL 60 Burroughs B 6700/B 7700
APL.SV 1973 ? IBM BAL
APL 5100 1976 ? IBM BAL IBM 5100
MCM/70 1974 1983 MCM MCM/70
VS APL 1976 ? IBM BAL OS/VS, DOS/VS
SHARP APL 1976 1989 1993? IPSA S/370, later portable
APL\3000 1976 1980s Hewlett-Packard HP 3000 Series II / III
NARS 1981 1989? STSC 370 assembler, APL System/370
Dyalog APL 1983 Dyalog Ltd. C, C++, APL Portable
A+ 1988 2014 Arthur Whitney C++ Portable
APL2 1984 IBM IBM mainframes, portable
SAX 1993 2000 2017? Soliton C Portable
APL+Win 1995 2019 APL2000 Portable
APL2C 2001 2002 Tilman Otto C Windows 9x/NT/2000
APLX 2002 2016 2016 MicroAPL Ltd. C, C++ Portable
NARS2000 2006 2019 Bob Smith C, APL Portable
VisualAPL 2009 2011 APL2000 C# .NET (CLI)
APL# 2010 2012 Dyalog Ltd. C# .NET (CLI)
ngn/apl 2011 2018 Nick Nickolov Javascript In-browser, Node.js
GNU APL 2013 Jürgen Sauermann C++ Portable
Aplette 2014 2020 Greg F. Johnson C Portable
Co-dfns 2014 Aaron Hsu Dyalog APL C, ArrayFire (GPU) targets
April 2018 Andrew Sengul Common Lisp Common Lisp runtime
dzaima/APL 2018 2020 dzaima Java, Processing JVM, Android
APL\iv 2018 2019 ktye Go Portable
Extended Dyalog APL 2018 2021 Adám Brudzewsky Dyalog APL Dyalog APL
Kap 2020 Elias Mårtenson Kotlin Portable
APL64 2022 APL2000 C# Portable
Dyalog APL Vision 2022 Adám Brudzewsky Dyalog APL Dyalog APL

See also

External links

  • Omnibar lists all glyphs with their meanings and allows custom comparisons between dialects:
    File:Omnibar
APL dialects [edit]
Maintained APL+Win ∙ APL2 ∙ APL64 ∙ APL\iv ∙ Aplette ∙ April ∙ Co-dfns ∙ Dyalog APL ∙ Dyalog APL Vision ∙ dzaima/APL ∙ GNU APL ∙ Kap ∙ NARS2000 ∙ Pometo ∙ TinyAPL
Historical A Programming Language ∙ A+ (A) ∙ APL# ∙ APL2C ∙ APL\360 ∙ APL/700 ∙ APL\1130 ∙ APL\3000 ∙ APL.68000 ∙ APL*PLUS ∙ APL.jl ∙ APL.SV ∙ APLX ∙ Extended Dyalog APL ∙ Iverson notation ∙ IVSYS/7090 ∙ NARS ∙ ngn/apl ∙ openAPL ∙ Operators and Functions ∙ PAT ∙ Rowan ∙ SAX ∙ SHARP APL ∙ Rationalized APL ∙ VisualAPL (APLNext) ∙ VS APL ∙ York APL
Derivatives AHPL ∙ BQN ∙ CoSy ∙ ELI ∙ Glee ∙ I ∙ Ivy ∙ J ∙ Jelly ∙ K (Goal, Klong, Q) ∙ KamilaLisp ∙ Lang5 ∙ Lil ∙ Nial ∙ RAD ∙ Uiua
Overviews Comparison of APL dialects ∙ Timeline of array languages ∙ Timeline of influential array languages ∙ Family tree of array languages
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