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|{{quote | "I have long been struck by the contrast between the success with which the adventurous learn APL by simply using it, and the frequent failure of lecture courses to communicate the simplicity and applicability of the language."|[[Ken Iverson]]. ''A Working Introduction to APL'', 1981.}} | |{{quote | "I have long been struck by the contrast between the success with which the adventurous learn APL by simply using it, and the frequent failure of lecture courses to communicate the simplicity and applicability of the language."|[[Ken Iverson]]. ''A Working Introduction to APL'', 1981.}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
To facilitate self-study, the resources here are classified by target audience. However, if you get stuck, don't hesitate to request help in | To facilitate self-study, the resources here are classified by target audience. However, if you get stuck, don't hesitate to request help in one of the many [[chat rooms and forums]] or [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask?tags=apl ask a question on Stack Exchange]. | ||
It may be beneficial to learn the APL [[terminology]]. | It may be beneficial to learn the APL [[terminology]]. | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
Some of the best resources for somebody new to APL and programming in general are: | Some of the best resources for somebody new to APL and programming in general are: | ||
<div style="column-width:40em"> | <div style="column-width:40em"> | ||
''' | '''Interactive''' | ||
* The [https://tryapl.org?tab=3 Learn tab on TryAPL] | |||
* The [https://tutorial.dyalog.com Zark APL Tutor] | |||
* The [[APL Challenge]] | |||
'''Books''' | |||
* [[Mastering Dyalog APL]] by Bernard Legrand | |||
* [https://archive.org/details/apl-2-at-a-glance-brown-pakin-polivka/ APL2 at a Glance] by [[Jim Brown]], Sandra Pakin, and [[Ray Polivka]] (also [https://www.blitter.com/nextcloud/index.php/s/8cj5JMAxsrCc4Wd#pdfviewer in German]) | |||
* [http://www.microapl.com/apl/learn_apl.html Learning APL with APLX] (also [https://www.microapl.com/apl/LearningAPLwithAPLX.pdf as PDF]) | |||
* [https://romilly.github.io/o-x-o/an-introduction.html MENACE in APL] (early [[wikipedia:reinforcement learning|reinforcement learning]] project) | |||
* [http://robertson.uk.net/Files/APL1+2.pdf A Practical Introduction to APL 1 & 2] (3 & 4 is [[#For novice APLers|for experts]]) | |||
'''Text''' | |||
* APL Wiki's [[simple examples]] | * APL Wiki's [[simple examples]] | ||
* APL a Day: [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-0-introduction/ Introduction], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-1-functions/ Functions], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-2-arrays-values/ Arrays, Values], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-3-arrays-have-shape/ Arrays have Shape] | * APL a Day: [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-0-introduction/ Introduction], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-1-functions/ Functions], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-2-arrays-values/ Arrays, Values], [https://www.sacrideo.us/apl-a-day-3-arrays-have-shape/ Arrays have Shape] | ||
* [https://old.aplwiki.com/LearnApl/TutorialContents The tutorial from the old APL Wiki] | * [https://old.aplwiki.com/LearnApl/TutorialContents The tutorial from the old APL Wiki] | ||
'''Video series''' | '''Video series''' | ||
* [[APL Quest]] by [[Adám Brudzewsky]] | * [[APL_Quest#Problems_from_2016|APL Quest 2016]] by [[Adám Brudzewsky]] | ||
* Découvrez le langage APL: parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nxq1BUUXobM 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-E7BsMg_Qc 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csx2Z-GEGPw 3] by Eric Schrafstetter (in French) | * Découvrez le langage APL: parts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nxq1BUUXobM 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-E7BsMg_Qc 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csx2Z-GEGPw 3] by Eric Schrafstetter (in French) | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] | * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1955671BD6E21548 APLtrainer tutorials] | * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1955671BD6E21548 APLtrainer tutorials] | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Follow one or a couple of these tutorials through and play around a bit. To learn APL the advice is similar to that for learning other languages: have a goal (something you want to accomplish) and try to do it. Along the way you are sure to come across the pitfalls and gotchas of the language, and with time you may come to understand what APL thinking means. | Follow one or a couple of these tutorials through and play around a bit. To learn APL the advice is similar to that for learning other languages: have a goal (something you want to accomplish) and try to do it. Along the way you are sure to come across the pitfalls and gotchas of the language, and with time you may come to understand what APL thinking means. | ||
| Line 32: | Line 34: | ||
== For programmers unfamiliar with APL == | == For programmers unfamiliar with APL == | ||
This is a list of tutorials and other resources of interest to someone who knows about programming or is familiar with another programming language, but wants to learn more about APL. | This is a list of tutorials and other resources of interest to someone who knows about programming or is familiar with another programming language, but wants to learn more about APL. See also APL Wiki's lists of [[advanced examples]], [[books]], and [[papers]]. [https://github.com/vendethiel/trying.apl "Trying APL"] has examples for all primitives. | ||
<div style="column-width:40em"> | <div style="column-width:40em"> | ||
'''Interactive''' | |||
* [https://tryapl.org TryAPL online interpreter with lessons] | * [https://tryapl.org TryAPL online interpreter with lessons] | ||
* [https:// | * [https://tutorial.dyalog.com/ Zark tutorial] | ||
* [https://wordsandbuttons.online/apl_deserves_its_renaissance_too.html APL deserves its renaissance too] (on [[John Scholes' Conway's Game of Life]]) | |||
* The [[APL Challenge]] | |||
'''Text courses''' | |||
* [https://course.dyalog.com APL Course] (Dyalog) | |||
* [https://github.com/nooodl/learnxinyminutes-docs/blob/master/apl.apl Learn X in Y minutes] | * [https://github.com/nooodl/learnxinyminutes-docs/blob/master/apl.apl Learn X in Y minutes] | ||
* [https://codeburst.io/lets-learn-a-programming-language-5f374e4abae5 | * Let’s Learn A Programming Language, [https://codeburst.io/lets-learn-a-programming-language-5f374e4abae5 part 1], [https://medium.com/codeburst/lets-learn-a-programming-language-part-2-ce1bd79aef1b part 2], and [https://codeburst.io/fizzbuzz-in-apl-a193d1954b4b FizzBuzz] | ||
* [https://github.com/annser/annser Artificial Neural Networks] | * [https://github.com/annser/annser Artificial Neural Networks] | ||
* [https:// | '''Video''' | ||
* [https:// | * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] (series) | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UltnvW83_CQ An Introduction to APL] | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGpR2ILao5M&list=PLfYUBJiXbdtSgU6S_3l6pX-4hQYKNJZFU fast.ai APL Study Group] (series) by Jeremy Howard | |||
'''Books''' | |||
* [[Mastering Dyalog APL]] by Bernard Legrand | |||
* [[Learning APL]] by [[User:Xpqz|Stefan Kruger]] | |||
* [http://mgeiss.de/apl_euler.pdf Getting started in APL by solving Project Euler problems 1 to 50] by Matthias Geiss | |||
* [https://archive.org/details/apl-2-at-a-glance-brown-pakin-polivka/ APL2 at a Glance] by [[Jim Brown]], Sandra Pakin, [[Ray Polivka]] (also [https://www.blitter.com/nextcloud/index.php/s/8cj5JMAxsrCc4Wd#pdfviewer in German]) | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
== For novice APLers == | == For novice APLers == | ||
Besides for APL Wiki's [[advanced examples]], you can hone your APL skill with these materials. | |||
<div style="column-width:40em"> | |||
'''Books''' | |||
* [[APL Cultivations]] by [[Adám Brudzewsky]] (edited by [[user:xpqz|Stefan Kruger]]) | * [[APL Cultivations]] by [[Adám Brudzewsky]] (edited by [[user:xpqz|Stefan Kruger]]) | ||
* [https://www.blitter.com/nextcloud/index.php/s/2Wg3HNWHRiYb5K7#pdfviewer APL2 in Depth] by Norman Thomson and [[Ray Polivka]] | * [https://www.blitter.com/nextcloud/index.php/s/2Wg3HNWHRiYb5K7#pdfviewer APL2 in Depth] by Norman Thomson and [[Ray Polivka]] | ||
* [http://robertson.uk.net/Files/APL3+4.pdf A Practical Introduction to APL 3 & 4] | * [http://robertson.uk.net/Files/APL3+4.pdf A Practical Introduction to APL 3 & 4] | ||
'''Videos''' | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] ( | * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] (series) | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J0Au6AKGWw&list=PL5ZGZlm-yp_xQfzsBtD66HIMW1M97wCsE Triplets pythagoriciens] by OsKaR: A mathematical problem used as an introduction to the expressive power of APL (French series) | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WMqhoVc9bY Data Science Puzzle in APL] by yernab: analysis of scenarios from ''[[wiki:Dungeons & Dragons|Dungeons & Dragons]]'' | |||
</div> | |||
<span id=exercises>'''Exercises'''</span> | |||
* [[Code golf]]: Competition in which participants strive to achieve the shortest possible source code | |||
* [https://open.kattis.com/ Kattis]: Very large collection of problems with automated checking of APL solutions | |||
* APL Monday: Small APL reading exercises by [[Dyalog Ltd]] posted on [https://x.com/hashtag/APLMonday X/Twitter], [https://mastodon.social/tags/APLMonday Mastodon], [https://bsky.app/hashtag/APLMonday BlueSky], [https://www.linkedin.com/feed/hashtag/?keywords=aplmonday LinkedIn], [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/aplmonday/ Instagram], and [https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/aplmonday Facebook] | |||
* [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APL_exercises/ APL Exercises] by [[Roger Hui]] | * [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APL_exercises/ APL Exercises] by [[Roger Hui]] | ||
* [https://aplcart.info/quiz APLcart Quiz]: Be challenged to write a function for a given task or to explain what a given function does (based on [[APLcart]] data) | |||
* [https://aplcart.info/quiz APLcart Quiz]: Be challenged to write a function for a given task or to explain what a given function does | * APL Crosswords: [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/1/ 1] [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/4/ 4] [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/5/ 5] — Fill in expressions and snippets to fulfil all the clues | ||
* [https://www.dyalog.com/2016-year-game.htm 2016 Year Game]: Find APL expressions involving exactly the digits 2 0 1 6 in that order to equal the numbers 0 to 100 | |||
* APL Crosswords: [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/1/ 1] [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/4/ 4] [https://abrudz.github.io/crosswords/5/ 5] — Fill in expressions and snippets to fulfil all the clues | * [https://www.dyalog.com/2017-code-golf-challenge.htm 2017 Code Golf Challenge]: Find the shortest possible APL expression that evaluates 1…52 without using any number or character literals | ||
* [https://apl.quest APL Quest]: Website with automatic validation of solutions to problems from Phase 1 of past [[APL Problem Solving Competition]]s (see [[APL Quest]]) | |||
* [https://www.dyalog.com/2016-year-game.htm 2016 Year Game]: Find APL expressions involving exactly the digits 2 0 1 6 in that order to equal the numbers 0 to 100 | * [[Advent of Code]]: Advent calendar of small programming puzzles, popular with APL programmers | ||
* [[APL-eusis]]: A game for honing your ability to "think in APL" | |||
* [https://www.dyalog.com/2017-code-golf-challenge.htm 2017 Code Golf Challenge]: Find the shortest possible APL expression that evaluates 1…52 without using any number or character literals | |||
* [https:// | |||
* [[Advent of Code]]: | |||
* [ | |||
== For advanced APLers == | == For advanced APLers == | ||
Here is a list of "how-to"s on various subjects: | Here is a list of "how-to"s on various subjects: | ||
<div style="column-width:40em"> | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] (video series) | * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgTqamKi1MS3p-O0QAgjv5vt4NY5OgpiM Learn APL with neural networks] (video series) | ||
* [[Error trapping with Dyalog APL]] | * [[Error trapping with Dyalog APL]] | ||
* [[Error trapping in Dyalog APL forms]] | * [[Error trapping in Dyalog APL forms]] | ||
* [https://old.aplwiki.com/CryptographyWithDyalogAndDotNet Cryptography with .Net] | |||
* [[WPF XAML demo]] | |||
</div> | |||
* [ | |||
* [[WPF XAML | |||
== Haven't used APL in a while? == | == Haven't used APL in a while? == | ||
Those who learned APL "in the early days" should note that several implementations have made significant extensions to the language and system in the last decade or two. | Those who learned APL "in the early days" should note that several implementations have made significant extensions to the language and system in the last decade or two. | ||
<div style="column-width:40em"> | |||
* | '''General''' | ||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XN1l1WiYc_o Dyalog APL for other APL users] (video) | |||
* New primitive functions | * [[Assignment]] | ||
* [[Control structure]]s | |||
* [[Namespace]]s | |||
* [[Migration level]] | |||
* [[User-defined operator]]s | |||
* [[Error trapping with Dyalog APL|Error trapping]] | |||
* [[Shyness]] | |||
* [[Namelist]]s | |||
* [[Keyword]]s | |||
* [[Object-oriented programming]] | |||
{{APL development}}[[Category:Lists]][[Category:Resources]] | * [[Total array ordering]] | ||
* [[Leading axis theory]] | |||
* [[Complex number]]s | |||
'''New primitive functions''' | |||
* [[GCD]] and [[LCM]] | |||
* [[Identity|Same]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊢</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊣</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Materialise]] and [[Squad indexing|Index]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌷</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Depth]] and [[Match]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≡</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Tally]] and [[Not Match]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≢</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Nub Sieve]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≠</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Where]] and [[Interval Index]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍸</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Nest]] and [[Partition]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊆</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
'''New primitive operators''' | |||
* [[Power (operator)|Power operator]] | |||
* [[Commute]] and [[Constant]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍨</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[At]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>@</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Bind]] and [[Beside]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>∘</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Atop (operator)|Atop]] and [[Rank]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍤</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Over]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍥</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Key]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌸</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Stencil]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⌺</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Variant]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍠</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
* [[Spawn]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>&</syntaxhighlight>) | |||
'''Lambdas ([[dfn]]s)''' | |||
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/Content/Language/Defined%20Functions%20and%20Operators/DynamicFunctions/Dynamic%20Functions%20and%20Operators.htm Intro] | |||
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/Content/Language/Defined%20Functions%20and%20Operators/DynamicFunctions/MultiLine%20Dynamic%20Functions.htm Details] | |||
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/Content/Language/Defined%20Functions%20and%20Operators/DynamicFunctions/Dynamic%20Operators.htm Operators] | |||
* [https://dfns.dyalog.com/n_contents.htm The dfns workspace] (collection of categorized utilities with extensive comments and notes) | |||
'''[[Tacit programming]]''' | |||
* [https://help.dyalog.com/16.0/Content/RelNotes14.0/Function%20Trains.htm Intro] | |||
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/Content/Language/Introduction/Trains.htm Details] | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kt4lMZbn-so Short video] | |||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2LqqBosvY0 Long video] | |||
* [https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/52405/conversation/lesson-23-transcribing-to-and-reading-trains APL Cultivation lesson] | |||
* [[Function composition]] | |||
</div> | |||
{{APL development}}[[Category:Lists of resources]][[Category:Resources]] | |||
Latest revision as of 14:10, 5 November 2024
|
To facilitate self-study, the resources here are classified by target audience. However, if you get stuck, don't hesitate to request help in one of the many chat rooms and forums or ask a question on Stack Exchange.
It may be beneficial to learn the APL terminology.
For non-programmers
Some of the best resources for somebody new to APL and programming in general are:
Interactive
- The Learn tab on TryAPL
- The Zark APL Tutor
- The APL Challenge
Books
- Mastering Dyalog APL by Bernard Legrand
- APL2 at a Glance by Jim Brown, Sandra Pakin, and Ray Polivka (also in German)
- Learning APL with APLX (also as PDF)
- MENACE in APL (early reinforcement learning project)
- A Practical Introduction to APL 1 & 2 (3 & 4 is for experts)
Text
- APL Wiki's simple examples
- APL a Day: Introduction, Functions, Arrays, Values, Arrays have Shape
- The tutorial from the old APL Wiki
Video series
- APL Quest 2016 by Adám Brudzewsky
- Découvrez le langage APL: parts 1, 2, 3 by Eric Schrafstetter (in French)
- Learn APL with neural networks
- APLtrainer tutorials
Follow one or a couple of these tutorials through and play around a bit. To learn APL the advice is similar to that for learning other languages: have a goal (something you want to accomplish) and try to do it. Along the way you are sure to come across the pitfalls and gotchas of the language, and with time you may come to understand what APL thinking means.
For programmers unfamiliar with APL
This is a list of tutorials and other resources of interest to someone who knows about programming or is familiar with another programming language, but wants to learn more about APL. See also APL Wiki's lists of advanced examples, books, and papers. "Trying APL" has examples for all primitives.
Interactive
- TryAPL online interpreter with lessons
- Zark tutorial
- APL deserves its renaissance too (on John Scholes' Conway's Game of Life)
- The APL Challenge
Text courses
- APL Course (Dyalog)
- Learn X in Y minutes
- Let’s Learn A Programming Language, part 1, part 2, and FizzBuzz
- Artificial Neural Networks
Video
- Learn APL with neural networks (series)
- An Introduction to APL
- fast.ai APL Study Group (series) by Jeremy Howard
Books
- Mastering Dyalog APL by Bernard Legrand
- Learning APL by Stefan Kruger
- Getting started in APL by solving Project Euler problems 1 to 50 by Matthias Geiss
- APL2 at a Glance by Jim Brown, Sandra Pakin, Ray Polivka (also in German)
For novice APLers
Besides for APL Wiki's advanced examples, you can hone your APL skill with these materials.
Books
- APL Cultivations by Adám Brudzewsky (edited by Stefan Kruger)
- APL2 in Depth by Norman Thomson and Ray Polivka
- A Practical Introduction to APL 3 & 4
Videos
- Learn APL with neural networks (series)
- Triplets pythagoriciens by OsKaR: A mathematical problem used as an introduction to the expressive power of APL (French series)
- Data Science Puzzle in APL by yernab: analysis of scenarios from Dungeons & Dragons
Exercises
- Code golf: Competition in which participants strive to achieve the shortest possible source code
- Kattis: Very large collection of problems with automated checking of APL solutions
- APL Monday: Small APL reading exercises by Dyalog Ltd posted on X/Twitter, Mastodon, BlueSky, LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook
- APL Exercises by Roger Hui
- APLcart Quiz: Be challenged to write a function for a given task or to explain what a given function does (based on APLcart data)
- APL Crosswords: 1 4 5 — Fill in expressions and snippets to fulfil all the clues
- 2016 Year Game: Find APL expressions involving exactly the digits 2 0 1 6 in that order to equal the numbers 0 to 100
- 2017 Code Golf Challenge: Find the shortest possible APL expression that evaluates 1…52 without using any number or character literals
- APL Quest: Website with automatic validation of solutions to problems from Phase 1 of past APL Problem Solving Competitions (see APL Quest)
- Advent of Code: Advent calendar of small programming puzzles, popular with APL programmers
- APL-eusis: A game for honing your ability to "think in APL"
For advanced APLers
Here is a list of "how-to"s on various subjects:
Haven't used APL in a while?
Those who learned APL "in the early days" should note that several implementations have made significant extensions to the language and system in the last decade or two.
General
- Dyalog APL for other APL users (video)
- Assignment
- Control structures
- Namespaces
- Migration level
- User-defined operators
- Error trapping
- Shyness
- Namelists
- Keywords
- Object-oriented programming
- Total array ordering
- Leading axis theory
- Complex numbers
New primitive functions
- GCD and LCM
- Same (
⊢and⊣) - Materialise and Index (
⌷) - Depth and Match (
≡) - Tally and Not Match (
≢) - Nub Sieve (
≠) - Where and Interval Index (
⍸) - Nest and Partition (
⊆)
New primitive operators
- Power operator
- Commute and Constant (
⍨) - At (
@) - Bind and Beside (
∘) - Atop and Rank (
⍤) - Over (
⍥) - Key (
⌸) - Stencil (
⌺) - Variant (
⍠) - Spawn (
&)
Lambdas (dfns)
- Intro
- Details
- Operators
- The dfns workspace (collection of categorized utilities with extensive comments and notes)
| APL development [edit] | |
|---|---|
| Interface | Session ∙ Typing glyphs (on Linux) ∙ Fonts ∙ Text editors |
| Publications | Introductions ∙ Learning resources ∙ Simple examples ∙ Advanced examples ∙ Mnemonics ∙ ISO 8485:1989 ∙ ISO/IEC 13751:2001 ∙ A Dictionary of APL ∙ Case studies ∙ Documentation suites ∙ Books ∙ Papers ∙ Videos ∙ APL Quote Quad ∙ Vector journal ∙ Terminology (Chinese, German) ∙ Neural networks ∙ Error trapping with Dyalog APL (in forms) |
| Sharing code | Backwards compatibility ∙ APLcart ∙ APLTree ∙ APL-Cation ∙ Dfns workspace ∙ Tatin ∙ Cider |
| Implementation | Resources ∙ Open-source ∙ Magic function ∙ Performance ∙ APL hardware |
| Developers | Timeline of corporations ∙ APL2000 ∙ Dyalog ∙ IBM ∙ IPSA ∙ STSC |