Uiua
Uiua is a stack-based array language designed by Kai Schmidt using glyphs inspired mainly by BQN.
Overview
Uiua uses concatenative evaluation (a context-free grammar) with a right-to-left ordering as in Polish notation. The language supports tacit programming using stack manipulation primitives, and all complex functions must be defined this way as there is no explicit function form that allows local variables. Functions have a fixed number of input and output values, meaning the overloading of ambivalent functions is removed. Because of this, Uiua often splits APL primitives into two functions. Its primitives use Unicode glyphs including many not found in other languages. To avoid the need for a keyboard layout containing these, each primitive can also be spelled using a name that consists of lowercase letters (user-defined names must have at least one uppercase letter). By default, the language formats source files when run to convert these names into the corresponding glyphs.
Like the SHARP APL family, arrays are flat with a homogeneous type; however, functions in Uiua are first-class values, and instead of boxes, niladic constant-valued functions are used to provide array nesting.
Uiua was featured on Array Cast in 2023.
Primitives
Function
In the web version of Uiua, we can type in the name of the function or a part of it and when run, the interpreter will format the name to Unicode Symbol, so that we don't need use of non-ASCII keyboards.
Stack
Work with the stack
| Glyph | Name | Type | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
. |
Duplicate | Monadic 2-output function | Duplicate the top value on the stack |
, |
Over | Dyadic 3-output function | Duplicate the second-to-top value to the top of the stack |
: |
Flip | Dyadic 2-output function | Swap the top two values on the stack |
◌(;) |
Pop | Monadic 0-output function | Discard the top stack value |
? |
Stack | Noadic 0-output function | Debug print all stack values without popping them |
⸮ |
Trace | Monadic function | Debug print the top value on the stack without popping it |
Constants
Push a constant value onto the stack
| Glyph | Name | Definition |
|---|---|---|
η |
Eta | The number of radians in a quarter circle |
π |
Pi | The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter |
τ |
Tau | The ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius |
∞ |
Infinity | The biggest number |
Monadic Pervasive
Operate on every element in an array
| Glyph | Name | Definition |
|---|---|---|
¬ |
Not | Logical not |
± |
Sign | Numerical sign (1, ¯1, or 0) |
¯ |
Negate | Negate a number |
⌵ |
Absolute value | Get the absolute value of a number |
√ |
Sqrt | Take the square root of a number |
○ |
Sine | Get the sine of a number |
⌊ |
Floor | Round to the nearest integer towards ¯∞
|
⌈ |
Ceiling | Round to the nearest integer towards ∞
|
⁅ |
Round | Round to the nearest integer |
Dyadic Pervasive
Operate on every pair of elements in two arrays (Note that True is 1 and False is 0)
| Glyph | Name | Definition | Formats from: |
|---|---|---|---|
= |
Equals | Compare for equality | = |
≠ |
Not equals | Compare for inequality | != |
< |
Less than | Compare for less than | < |
> |
Greater than | Compare for greater than | > |
≤ |
Less or equal | Compare for less than or equal | <= |
≥ |
Greater or equal | Compare for greater than or equal | >= |
+ |
Add | Add values | + |
- |
Subtract | Subtract values | - |
× |
Multiply | Multiply values | * |
÷ |
Divide | Divide values | % |
◿ |
Modulus | Modulo values | modulus |
ⁿ |
Power | Raise a value to a power | pow |
ₙ |
Logarithm | Get the based logarithm of a number | log |
↧ |
Minimum/Logical And | Take the minimum of two arrays (Can use for logical AND.) | min |
↥ |
Maximum/[Logical Or]] | Take the maximum of two arrays (Can use for logical OR.) | max |
∠ |
Atangent | Take the arctangent of two numbers | atan |
ℂ |
Complex | Make a complex number.\nThe first argument is the imaginary part, and the second argument is the real part. | com |
External links
- Uiua on the concatenative language wiki
| APL dialects [edit] | |
|---|---|
| Maintained | APL+Win ∙ APL2 ∙ APL64 ∙ APL\iv ∙ Aplette ∙ April ∙ Co-dfns ∙ Dyalog APL ∙ Dyalog APL Vision ∙ dzaima/APL ∙ GNU APL ∙ Kap ∙ NARS2000 ∙ Pometo ∙ TinyAPL |
| Historical | A Programming Language ∙ A+ (A) ∙ APL# ∙ APL2C ∙ APL\360 ∙ APL/700 ∙ APL\1130 ∙ APL\3000 ∙ APL.68000 ∙ APL*PLUS ∙ APL.jl ∙ APL.SV ∙ APLX ∙ Extended Dyalog APL ∙ Iverson notation ∙ IVSYS/7090 ∙ NARS ∙ ngn/apl ∙ openAPL ∙ Operators and Functions ∙ PAT ∙ Rowan ∙ SAX ∙ SHARP APL ∙ Rationalized APL ∙ VisualAPL (APLNext) ∙ VS APL ∙ York APL |
| Derivatives | AHPL ∙ BQN ∙ CoSy ∙ ELI ∙ Glee ∙ I ∙ Ivy ∙ J ∙ Jelly ∙ K (Goal, Klong, Q) ∙ KamilaLisp ∙ Lang5 ∙ Lil ∙ Nial ∙ RAD ∙ Uiua |
| Overviews | Comparison of APL dialects ∙ Timeline of array languages ∙ Timeline of influential array languages ∙ Family tree of array languages |