Branch

Branch (→) is a special primitive with a function-like syntax which provides a way to control execution flow in an APL program. It fulfils the role of goto, return statements, and call stack unwinding in other programming languages, though it is slightly more powerful in APL.

Iverson notation using flow arrows with conditions

Behaviour

Branch was the only form of flow control in early versions of APL, having been carried over from the conditional flow arrows of Iverson Notation. Some APL dialects later added the more modern control structures leading to deprecation of Branch.

Branch is unusual having syntax resembling a monadic function, but affecting program flow rather than altering arrays. In addition, a so called "naked branch" or"abort", that is, a niladic <source lang=apl inline>→</syntaxhighlight> will cut one level off the call stack.

In a tradfn, Branch can take a scalar or vector argument, and immediately cause execution to resume on the line indicated by the first element of the argument, which must be a non-negative integer. If the line number is 0, the function will return to its caller. If the argument is empty, the effect is that of consuming the argument and giving no result, equivalent to the dfn <source lang=apl inline>{}</syntaxhighlight>. Inserting a label (an identifier followed by a colon <source lang=apl inline>:</syntaxhighlight>) into a function, in a sense declares a name as a constant with the scalar value of the current number for whichever line the label occurs on. This ensures stability when lines are inserted into a function.

Dfns do not support branching except the naked branch to cut the stack.

In a tacit function (which doesn't have its own stack frame), the effect of Branch will be exercised in its caller. Tacit functions containing Branch can therefore be used to write covers for Branch, including various conditions.

Examples

Branch function can be used to implement structured programming constructs without the use of special keywords: <source lang=apl>

     ⍝ If-Then-Else construct
     →(~B)/Else
       S1
       →End
     Else:
       S2
     End:

</syntaxhighlight> <source lang=apl>

     ⍝ Select construct
     →(Case1, Case2, Case3, Case4)[i]
     Case1: S1
       →Next
     Case2: S2
       →Next
     Case3: S3
       →Next
     Case4: S4
     Next:

</syntaxhighlight> <source lang=apl>

     ⍝ While-Do construct
     While: →(~B)/Done
       S1
       →While
     Done:

</syntaxhighlight> <source lang=apl>

     ⍝ Repeat-Until construct
     Repeat: S2
       →(~B)/Repeat

</syntaxhighlight> Note that <source inline lang=apl>Else</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>End</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>CaseN</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>Next</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>While</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>Done</syntaxhighlight>, <source inline lang=apl>Repeat</syntaxhighlight> in the examples above are all user-defined labels rather than keywords.

External links

Tutorials

• Bernard Legrand. Mastering Dyalog APL (page 208). Dyalog Ltd. November 2009.

Documentation

• APLX
• Dyalog