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| run online = [https://joebo.github.io/j-emscripten/ Emscripten], [https://jsoftware.github.io/j-playground/bin/html/ J playground] | | run online = [https://joebo.github.io/j-emscripten/ Emscripten], [https://jsoftware.github.io/j-playground/bin/html/ J playground] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''J''' is an array language loosely following the [[SHARP APL]] tradition which uses [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]] characters for primitive functionality and builds in [[leading axis theory]] and [[tacit programming]] as foundational design principles. J discards backwards compatibility with older APLs in order to simplify and regularize its syntax, redesign primitives to work on leading axes, and disentangle [[reduction]] from [[scan]]s and [[windowed reduction]]s (yielding the [[Prefix operator|prefix]] and [[infix operator]]s). However, J concepts such as [[function train]]s and the [[Indices]] function have been adopted by later APLs such as [[NARS2000]], [[Dyalog APL]], and [[dzaima/APL]]. J breaks the APL convention of writing primitives with a single glyph: instead, they are spelled with a single ASCII character possibly followed by one or two periods (< | '''J''' is an array language loosely following the [[SHARP APL]] tradition which uses [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]] characters for primitive functionality and builds in [[leading axis theory]] and [[tacit programming]] as foundational design principles. J discards backwards compatibility with older APLs in order to simplify and regularize its syntax, redesign primitives to work on leading axes, and disentangle [[reduction]] from [[scan]]s and [[windowed reduction]]s (yielding the [[Prefix operator|prefix]] and [[infix operator]]s). However, J concepts such as [[function train]]s and the [[Indices]] function have been adopted by later APLs such as [[NARS2000]], [[Dyalog APL]], and [[dzaima/APL]]. J breaks the APL convention of writing primitives with a single glyph: instead, they are spelled with a single ASCII character possibly followed by one or two periods (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>.</syntaxhighlight>) or colons (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>:</syntaxhighlight>). It is also notable for its use of terms from English grammar to describe the language. For example, [[function]]s are called "verbs" while arrays are called "nouns". | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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| 2.8 || 1990-11-15 || | | 2.8 || 1990-11-15 || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2.9 || 1991-02-15 || Monadic < | | 2.9 || 1991-02-15 || Monadic <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>+:</syntaxhighlight> (double), <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>-:</syntaxhighlight> (halve), <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>*:</syntaxhighlight> (square), dyadic <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>":</syntaxhighlight> ([[Format]]), constant functions <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>0:</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>1:</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.0 || 1991-03-17 || Changes to spellings, [[Reverse]] with [[Variant]] to specify [[fill]] | | 3.0 || 1991-03-17 || Changes to spellings, [[Reverse]] with [[Variant]] to specify [[fill]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.1 || 1991-05-17 || [[Determinant]] (< | | 3.1 || 1991-05-17 || [[Determinant]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>.</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.2 || 1991-06-02 || < | | 3.2 || 1991-06-02 || <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>,.</syntaxhighlight> for ravel items (like [[Table]]) and append lists, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;</syntaxhighlight> for [[Raze]] and [[Link]], <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>@.</syntaxhighlight> for agenda, non-[[close composition]]s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.3 || 1991-06-25 || Dyadic < | | 3.3 || 1991-06-25 || Dyadic <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>,.</syntaxhighlight> changed to append items, more types of trains | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.4 || 1991-07-15 || < | | 3.4 || 1991-07-15 || <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>NB.</syntaxhighlight> for comments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.0 || 1991-11-23 || Monadic < | | 4.0 || 1991-11-23 || Monadic <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>+.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>*.</syntaxhighlight> for complex components and phase/magnitude with <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>j.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>r.</syntaxhighlight> to recombine, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>^:_</syntaxhighlight> for power limit | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.1 || 1992-02-02 || < | | 4.1 || 1992-02-02 || <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>^!.p</syntaxhighlight> for rising/falling factorials | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.2 || 1992-03-19 || | | 4.2 || 1992-03-19 || | ||
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| 5.0 || 1992-06-22 || [[Variant]] to specify [[comparison tolerance]] and [[fill]] for [[Take]] | | 5.0 || 1992-06-22 || [[Variant]] to specify [[comparison tolerance]] and [[fill]] for [[Take]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.1 || 1992-07-28 || < | | 5.1 || 1992-07-28 || <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>f.</syntaxhighlight> to expand a tacit function containing names, constant functions <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>2:</syntaxhighlight> to <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>9:</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.1a || 1992-08-11 || | | 5.1a || 1992-08-11 || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6.0 || 1992-10-24 || Error handling with < | | 6.0 || 1992-10-24 || Error handling with <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>::</syntaxhighlight>, additional [[system function]]s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6.1 || 1992-11-26 || [[Amend]] operator < | | 6.1 || 1992-11-26 || [[Amend]] operator <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>}</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6.2 || 1992-12-20 || Derivative operator < | | 6.2 || 1992-12-20 || Derivative operator <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>D.</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7.0 || 1993-11-14 || [[wikipedia:Taylor series|Taylor series]] operators < | | 7.0 || 1993-11-14 || [[wikipedia:Taylor series|Taylor series]] operators <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>t.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>T.</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| 2.04 || 1994-11-28 || | | 2.04 || 1994-11-28 || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2.05 || 1995-02-26 || Additional [[inverse]]s, [[primitive array]] < | | 2.05 || 1995-02-26 || Additional [[inverse]]s, [[primitive array]] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>a:</syntaxhighlight> ("ace") | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2.06 || 1995-05-30 || More [[inverse]]s, hypergeometric operator < | | 2.06 || 1995-05-30 || More [[inverse]]s, hypergeometric operator <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>H.</syntaxhighlight>, and prime functions <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>p.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>p:</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>q:</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.01 || 1996-01-16 || Repeatable [[Roll]]/[[Deal]] < | | 3.01 || 1996-01-16 || Repeatable [[Roll]]/[[Deal]] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>?.</syntaxhighlight>, [[Depth]] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>L.</syntaxhighlight> and [[Depth operator]] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>L:</syntaxhighlight>, [[total array ordering]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.02 || 1996-06-24 || [[Pick]] variant < | | 3.02 || 1996-06-24 || [[Pick]] variant <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>{::</syntaxhighlight>, [[extended precision]] types | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.03 || 1996-12-13 || [[Multiple assignment]] using a string target | | 3.03 || 1996-12-13 || [[Multiple assignment]] using a string target | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.04 || 1997-05-19 || More operators with gerund operands, < | | 3.04 || 1997-05-19 || More operators with gerund operands, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>for.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>select.</syntaxhighlight> [[control structure]]s | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3.05 || 1997-09-27 || Extended dyad < | | 3.05 || 1997-09-27 || Extended dyad <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>q:</syntaxhighlight> ([[Factor]]) to take a negative left argument | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.01 || 1998-03-22 || [[Find]] (< | | 4.01 || 1998-03-22 || [[Find]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>E.</syntaxhighlight>) and [[Index of Last]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>i:</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.02 || 1998-11-07 || Symmetric range monad (< | | 4.02 || 1998-11-07 || Symmetric range monad (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>i:</syntaxhighlight>), infinite left arguments to [[Take]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.03 || 1999-04-21 || | | 4.03 || 1999-04-21 || | ||
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| 4.05 || 2000-09-05 || [[Comparison tolerance]] for [[Key]] | | 4.05 || 2000-09-05 || [[Comparison tolerance]] for [[Key]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4.06 || 2001-05-09 || < | | 4.06 || 2001-05-09 || <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>assert.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>throw.</syntaxhighlight>, Symbols (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>s:</syntaxhighlight>) and Unicode (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>u:</syntaxhighlight>), multiple axes in [[Cut]] operator | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.01 || 2002-09-10 || Non-[[Close composition|close]] [[Under]] < | | 5.01 || 2002-09-10 || Non-[[Close composition|close]] [[Under]] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>&.:</syntaxhighlight>, Bitwise Operations (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>b.</syntaxhighlight>), Polynomial Derivative (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>p..</syntaxhighlight>), Head (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>{.</syntaxhighlight>) and Tail (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>{:</syntaxhighlight>) allow [[empty]] arguments | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.02 || 2003-05-21 || | | 5.02 || 2003-05-21 || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.03 || 2004-03-19 || [[Indices]] (< | | 5.03 || 2004-03-19 || [[Indices]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>I.</syntaxhighlight>), Sequential Machine (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;:</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5.04 || 2005-03-18 || J64 (64-bit version) introduced, boxed right argument for [[Power operator]], [[scalar extension]] for left argument of [[Cut]] (< | | 5.04 || 2005-03-18 || J64 (64-bit version) introduced, boxed right argument for [[Power operator]], [[scalar extension]] for left argument of [[Cut]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;.</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6.01 || 2006-07-21 || Noun left arguments in trains (< | | 6.01 || 2006-07-21 || Noun left arguments in trains (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>N0 V1 V2</syntaxhighlight>), dots removed from explicit argument names (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>y.</syntaxhighlight> to <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>y</syntaxhighlight>, etc.), [[Interval Index]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>I.</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6.02 || 2008-02-29 || [[Index Of]] (< | | 6.02 || 2008-02-29 || [[Index Of]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>i.</syntaxhighlight>) extended to allow unmatched cell shapes, Memoize adverb (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>M.</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7.01 || 2010-08-05 || GTK IDE | | 7.01 || 2010-08-05 || GTK IDE | ||
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| 8.05 || 2016-12-19 || Improved UTF-8 handling, memory allocator rewritten with more in-place argument usage | | 8.05 || 2016-12-19 || Improved UTF-8 handling, memory allocator rewritten with more in-place argument usage | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8.06 || 2017-11-12 || Allow array right operands to [[Atop]] and Adverse (< | | 8.06 || 2017-11-12 || Allow array right operands to [[Atop]] and Adverse (<syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>::</syntaxhighlight>), treating as constant functions, improved [[Vector instructions|vector instruction]] usage | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8.07 || 2018-10-08 || Removed support for dot-style explicit arguments (e.g. < | | 8.07 || 2018-10-08 || Removed support for dot-style explicit arguments (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>y.</syntaxhighlight>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9.01 || 2019-12-15 || Iteration primitives < | | 9.01 || 2019-12-15 || Iteration primitives <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F..</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F.:</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F:.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F::</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>F:</syntaxhighlight>; Remove calculus operators <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>d.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>D.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>D:</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>t.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>t:</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>T.</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>..</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>.:</syntaxhighlight>; <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>gerund"r</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9.02 || 2020-12-13 || "Direct definition" syntax for explicit functions, special semidual form < | | 9.02 || 2020-12-13 || "Direct definition" syntax for explicit functions, special semidual form <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>u&.:(a:`v)</syntaxhighlight> added, minor incompatible changes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9.03 || 2021-12-17 || Modifier trains and other combinations, foreigns to enable nameref caching, Kahan summation with < | | 9.03 || 2021-12-17 || Modifier trains and other combinations, foreigns to enable nameref caching, Kahan summation with <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>+/!.0</syntaxhighlight> | ||
|} | |} | ||