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:''The | :''The Down Arrow <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight> is more often used for [[Split]], and the [[Right Shoe]] symbol <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> for [[First]] or [[Mix]].'' | ||
{{Built-in|Raze| | {{Built-in|Raze|↓}}, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> in [[A+]], <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;</syntaxhighlight> in [[J]], or '''Join''' (<code>∾</code>) in [[BQN]], is a [[monadic function]] which combines [[element]] arrays of a [[nested]] [[vector]] along the first [[axis]] (in accordance with [[leading axis theory]]). Thus, the [[major cell]]s of the Raze of an array are the major cells of its element arrays: unlike [[Mix]], which removes a level of [[depth]] while keeping outer and inner axes separate, Raze merges the outer vector's axis with the first axis of each element. Raze is present in [[SHARP APL]], [[A+]], [[J]], and [[BQN]]. | ||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
Raze can turn a vector of vectors into a single vector. Unlike [[Mix]], it inserts no [[fill element]]s. | Raze can turn a vector of vectors into a single vector. Unlike [[Mix]], it inserts no [[fill element]]s. | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
⊃(2 3 4;0 1;5) | ⊃(2 3 4;0 1;5) | ||
2 3 4 0 1 5 | 2 3 4 0 1 5 | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
{{Works in|[[A+]]}} | {{Works in|[[A+]]}} | ||
When elements of the argument have rank more than 1, Raze combines them along the leading axis, like [[Catenate First]]. In A+, the elements must have the same rank and major cell shape or an error results; in J, lower-rank arrays are promoted to a higher rank and arrays are padded with fills to a common major cell shape. | When elements of the argument have rank more than 1, Raze combines them along the leading axis, like [[Catenate First]]. In A+, the elements must have the same rank and major cell shape or an error results; in J, lower-rank arrays are promoted to a higher rank and arrays are padded with fills to a common major cell shape. | ||
< | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl> | ||
⊃(⍳2 2;-⍳4 2) | ⊃(⍳2 2;-⍳4 2) | ||
0 1 | 0 1 | ||
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¯4 ¯5 | ¯4 ¯5 | ||
¯6 ¯7 | ¯6 ¯7 | ||
</ | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
{{Works in|[[A+]]}} | {{Works in|[[A+]]}} | ||
== Properties == | == Properties == | ||
Raze is similar to the [[Catenate]] [[reduction]] < | Raze is similar to the [[Catenate]] [[reduction]] <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑⍪/</syntaxhighlight>. If <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> is a vector whose elements have equal and positive [[rank]], then <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↑⍪/X</syntaxhighlight> is the Raze of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight>. The definition differs if <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> is a [[singleton]] vector with [[scalar]] elements, because the Raze of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> will be a vector while the reduction implementation results in a scalar (or, in [[NARS2000]], a [[DOMAIN ERROR]]). This is because Raze treats scalar elements of its argument as singleton vectors, a convention which may be viewed as [[scalar rank extension]] or as a result of the idea that a scalar's only [[major cell]] is itself. | ||
Raze is the [[inverse]] of [[Partition]] and [[Partitioned Enclose]] on vectors: partitioning, then razing, a vector gives that vector back. It is also an inverse to partition functions which partition major cells along the first axis, although few partition functions do this. | Raze is the [[inverse]] of [[Partition]] and [[Partitioned Enclose]] on vectors: partitioning, then razing, a vector gives that vector back. It is also an inverse to partition functions which partition major cells along the first axis, although few partition functions do this. | ||
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Raze can be extended to an argument array of rank greater than 1, allowing it to merge [[wikipedia:Block matrix|block matrices]] or higher-dimensional structures. This extension is part of [[BQN]], but has not been implemented in any APL, and would not be backwards-compatible in J, since J's Raze implicitly ravels its argument. | Raze can be extended to an argument array of rank greater than 1, allowing it to merge [[wikipedia:Block matrix|block matrices]] or higher-dimensional structures. This extension is part of [[BQN]], but has not been implemented in any APL, and would not be backwards-compatible in J, since J's Raze implicitly ravels its argument. | ||
The axes of a high-rank argument should be paired with those of its element arrays, starting at the first axis (much like [[prefix agreement]]). The elements can be merged without adding fills when the length of an element along a particular axis depends only on its position along that axis in the outer array. That is, in < | The axes of a high-rank argument should be paired with those of its element arrays, starting at the first axis (much like [[prefix agreement]]). The elements can be merged without adding fills when the length of an element along a particular axis depends only on its position along that axis in the outer array. That is, in <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃X</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍴¨X</syntaxhighlight> must match <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃∘.,/S</syntaxhighlight>, where S is a vector containing <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>≢⍴X</syntaxhighlight> vectors followed by any number of scalars. In this case, the shape of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃X</syntaxhighlight> is <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>+/¨S</syntaxhighlight>. The result can be computed by performing a modified 1-dimensional Raze several times. The modified Raze should maintain some number of leading inner element axes. With the [[Rank operator]] (<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍤</syntaxhighlight>) we might write <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⍪⍤(1-≢⍴X)/X</syntaxhighlight> for a single step in the process, thus reducing along the last axis and catenating along the same axis. | ||
If the element arrays of < | If the element arrays of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> do not satisfy the shape requirements, they could be padded with [[fill]]s to force this requirement to hold. | ||
== History == | |||
Raze was defined as monadic <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>↓</syntaxhighlight> in [[A Dictionary of APL]] in 1987, and added to [[SHARP APL]] in version 20, released in 1989.<ref>[[IPSA]]. [https://archive.org/details/sharp-apl-release-20.0-guide-for-apl-programmers "SHARP APL Release 20.0: Guide for APL Programmers"].</ref> It appears in [[J]]'s initial 1990 release as <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>}.</syntaxhighlight> (that is, also paired with [[Drop]]) but was moved to <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>;</syntaxhighlight> in 1991.<ref>[[Jsoftware]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Help/Release/J_4.05/Implementation_Status J 4.05 Implementation Status]. Version 3.2.</ref> The glyph <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>⊃</syntaxhighlight> is used instead in [[A+]]. | |||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [https://gist.github.com/chrispsn/af6844b80687462814fc39d4b97399a6 War on Raze] by Chris Pearson | |||
=== Documentation === | === Documentation === | ||
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* J [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/d330.htm Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/semi NuVoc] | * J [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/d330.htm Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/semi NuVoc] | ||
* [https://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/doc/join.html BQN] | * [https://mlochbaum.github.io/BQN/doc/join.html BQN] | ||
== References == | |||
<references/> | |||
{{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]] | {{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]] | ||