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Dyalog APL (view source)

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| index origin            = 0 or 1
| index origin            = 0 or 1
| function styles          = [[tradfn]], [[dfn]], [[tacit]]
| function styles          = [[tradfn]], [[dfn]], [[tacit]]
| numeric types            = complex floats, decimal float
| numeric types            = [[complex]] floats, [[decimal float]]s
| unicode support          = full
| unicode support          = full
| released                = 1983
| released                = 1983
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| run online              = [https://tryapl.org/ TryAPL]
| run online              = [https://tryapl.org/ TryAPL]
}}
}}
:''For the chat bot, see [[APL Orchard#Chat bot]].''
'''Dyalog APL''', or simply '''Dyalog''', is a modern APL in the [[APL2]] tradition, first released by British company [[Dyalog Ltd.|Dyadic Systems Ltd.]] (now Dyalog Ltd.) in 1983 for the Zylog Z80 processor (the name ''Dyalog'' is a portmanteau of ''Dyadic'' and ''Zylog''). Dyalog supports several platforms and interfaces with many languages and runtimes including native [[wikipedia:Shared library|shared libraries]], [[.NET]], the [[wikipedia:Java virtual machine|JVM]], [[wikipedia:R (programming language)|R]], and [[wikipedia:Python (programming language)|Python]]. It is actively developed and has introduced many new primitives and concepts to array programming. Major categories of features introduced to APL by Dyalog are [[tacit]] programming by allowing named [[derived function]]s and later [[train]]s, lexically-scoped functional programming using [[dfn]]s, [[namespace]]s and [[object-oriented programming]], and the addition of [[leading axis theory]] and the [[Rank operator]] to the [[nested array model|nested array]] paradigm.
'''Dyalog APL''', or simply '''Dyalog''', is a modern APL in the [[APL2]] tradition, first released by British company [[Dyalog Ltd.|Dyadic Systems Ltd.]] (now Dyalog Ltd.) in 1983 for the Zylog Z80 processor (the name ''Dyalog'' is a portmanteau of ''Dyadic'' and ''Zylog''). Dyalog supports several platforms and interfaces with many languages and runtimes including native [[wikipedia:Shared library|shared libraries]], [[.NET]], the [[wikipedia:Java virtual machine|JVM]], [[wikipedia:R (programming language)|R]], and [[wikipedia:Python (programming language)|Python]]. It is actively developed and has introduced many new primitives and concepts to array programming. Major categories of features introduced to APL by Dyalog are [[tacit]] programming by allowing named [[derived function]]s and later [[train]]s, lexically-scoped functional programming using [[dfn]]s, [[namespace]]s and [[object-oriented programming]], and the addition of [[leading axis theory]] and the [[Rank operator]] to the [[nested array model|nested array]] paradigm.


In 1995, two Dyalog developers—[[John Scholes]] and [[Peter Donnelly]]—were awarded the [[Iverson Award]] for their work on the interpreter. [[Gitte Christensen]] and [[Morten Kromberg]] were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.
In 1995, two Dyalog developers—[[John Scholes]] and [[Peter Donnelly]]—were awarded the [[Iverson Award]] for their work on the interpreter. [[Gitte Christensen]] and [[Morten Kromberg]] were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.
== Platforms ==
Besides for working out-of-the-box on Windows, macOS, and AIX, Dyalog APL runs on many Linuxes. However, to function, some require additional action beyond simple installation. As of 2019-05-15, the necessary actions for versions 16.0, 17.0, and 17.1 are:
{| class=wikitable
! Distribution    !! Action
|-
|Debian 8.2, 9.8, 9.9 || no pre-reqs
|-
|Fedora 29, 30        || <code>dnf install ncurses-compat-libs</code>
|-
|Linux Mint 18.0, 19.0|| no pre-reqs
|-
|openSUSE 15.0        || <code>zypper install libncurses5</code>
|-
|CentOS/RedHat 6      || not supported for 17.1 as glibc is at too low a level
|-
|CentOS/RedHat 7      || no pre-reqs
|-
|RedHat 8            || <code>rpm -Uvh ncurses-compat-libs</code>  (note: RH8 would not install in a VM)
|-
|Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04  || no pre-reqs
|-
|Ubuntu 19.04        || <code>apt-get install libtinfo5</code>
|}


== Versions ==
== Versions ==
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|                            10.1    || 2004 || July      || Multiple arguments in [[tradfn]] headers, thread tokens, 64-bit component files, value tips
|                            10.1    || 2004 || July      || Multiple arguments in [[tradfn]] headers, thread tokens, 64-bit component files, value tips
|-
|-
|                           11.0     || 2006 || October  || [[Object-oriented programming]] (classes, objects, interfaces) modelled after [[wikipedia:C-Sharp_|C#]], [[Squad indexing|Index]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌷</source>), [[Power operator]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍣</source>), [[GCD]] (<source lang=apl inline>∨</source>), [[LCM]] (<source lang=apl inline>∧</source>)
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#11.0|11.0]]  || 2006 || October  || [[Object-oriented programming]] (classes, objects, interfaces) modelled after [[wikipedia:C-Sharp_|C#]], [[Squad indexing|Index]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌷</source>), [[Power operator]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍣</source>), [[GCD]] (<source lang=apl inline>∨</source>), [[LCM]] (<source lang=apl inline>∧</source>)
|-
|-
|                           12.0     || 2008 || August    || [[Unicode]] support (<source lang=apl inline>⎕AVU</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕UCS</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕FCOPY</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FPROPS</source>
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#12.0|12.0]]  || 2008 || August    || [[Unicode]] support (<source lang=apl inline>⎕AVU</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕UCS</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕FCOPY</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FPROPS</source>
|-
|-
|                           12.1     || 2009 || November  || [[I-Beam]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌶</source>), [[Table]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍪</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕XML</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FCHK</source>, [[User command]]s
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#12.1|12.1]]  || 2009 || November  || [[I-Beam]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌶</source>), [[Table]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍪</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕XML</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FCHK</source>, [[User command]]s
|-
|-
|                           13.0     || 2011 || April    || [[Left]] (<source lang=apl inline>⊣</source>), [[Right]] (<source lang=apl inline>⊢</source>), [[Variant]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍠</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕OPT</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕R</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕S</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕PROFILE</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕RSI</source>, [[complex number]] and [[decimal float]] support, short arguments for [[Take]], [[Drop]], and [[Squad indexing|Index]] (<source lang=apl inline>↑</source>, <source lang=apl inline>↓</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⌷</source>)
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#13.0|13.0]]  || 2011 || April    || [[Left]] (<source lang=apl inline>⊣</source>), [[Right]] (<source lang=apl inline>⊢</source>), [[Variant]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍠</source>), <source lang=apl inline>⎕OPT</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕R</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕S</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕PROFILE</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕RSI</source>, [[complex number]] and [[decimal float]] support, short arguments for [[Take]], [[Drop]], and [[Squad indexing|Index]] (<source lang=apl inline>↑</source>, <source lang=apl inline>↓</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⌷</source>)
|-
|-
|                           13.1     || 2012 || April    || <source lang=apl inline>⎕DMX</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FHIST</source>
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#13.1|13.1]]  || 2012 || April    || <source lang=apl inline>⎕DMX</source>, <source lang=apl inline>⎕FHIST</source>
|-
|-
|                           13.2     || 2013 || January  || Array [[Editor]]
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#13.2|13.2]]  || 2013 || January  || Array [[Editor]]
|-
|-
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#14.0|14.0]]  || 2014 || June      || [[Train]]s, [[Tally]] (<source lang=apl inline>≢</source>), [[Key]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌸</source>), [[Rank operator]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍤</source>), multi-threading with [[future]]s and [[isolate]]s
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#14.0|14.0]]  || 2014 || June      || [[Train]]s, [[Tally]] (<source lang=apl inline>≢</source>), [[Key]] (<source lang=apl inline>⌸</source>), [[Rank operator]] (<source lang=apl inline>⍤</source>), [[High-rank set functions|high-rank]] [[Index Of]], multi-threading with [[future]]s and [[isolate]]s
|-
|-
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#14.1|14.1]]  || 2015 || June      || <source lang=apl inline>:Disposable</source> [[.NET]] objects and resources, gesture support, many new I-beams
| [[Dyalog_APL_versions#14.1|14.1]]  || 2015 || June      || <source lang=apl inline>:Disposable</source> [[.NET]] objects and resources, gesture support, many new I-beams
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| <source lang=apl inline>f∘g</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Beside]]
| <source lang=apl inline>f∘g</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Beside]]
|-
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>f⍤B</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Rank]]
| <source lang=apl inline>f⍤B</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Rank operator|Rank]]
|-
|-
| <source lang=apl inline>f⍤g</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Atop]]
| <source lang=apl inline>f⍤g</source>  ||colspan=2| [[Atop]]
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== Implementation ==
== Implementation ==
Dyalog APL is implemented primarily in [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]] with some parts implemented in [[wikipedia:C++|C++]] in order to use [[wikipedia:C++#Templates|templates]]. C [[wikipedia:Intrinsic function|intrinsics]] are used to access instruction set extensions. Some architecture-specific [[wikipedia:Assembly language|assembly]], both compiled separately and inline from C, is used for functionality like [[wikipedia:Status register|exception flags]] which is not easily accessible in C. Prior to [[Dyalog APL versions#17.0|version 17.0]], assembly was also used for vectorized arithmetic. In 17.0, this code was replaced by a new C++ implementation.


=== Internal types ===
=== Internal types ===
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* As of version 17.1, POWER7 and above are supported. Support for older systems is dropped because Dyalog compiles separate binaries for each POWER architecture.
* As of version 17.1, POWER7 and above are supported. Support for older systems is dropped because Dyalog compiles separate binaries for each POWER architecture.


In Dyalog 17.0, the code for vectorised [[scalar function]]s was unified and extended to allow Intel [[wikipedia:AVX2|AVX2]] and ARM NEON in addition to Intel [[wikipedia:SSE2|SSE2]] and [[wikipedia:SSE4.1|SSE4.1]], and AltiVec VMX for IBM POWER. This code is also used for operations involving the scalar dyadics [[Plus]], [[Minus]], [[Times]], [[Divide]], [[Maximum]], [[Minimum]], and [[comparison function]]s, as well as some functions derived from operators applied to these functions, such as the [[Outer Product]] and [[Inner Product]].
In Dyalog 17.0, the code for vectorized [[scalar function]]s was unified and extended to allow Intel [[wikipedia:AVX2|AVX2]] and ARM NEON in addition to Intel [[wikipedia:SSE2|SSE2]] and [[wikipedia:SSE4.1|SSE4.1]], and AltiVec VMX for IBM POWER. This code is also used for operations involving the scalar dyadics [[Plus]], [[Minus]], [[Times]], [[Divide]], [[Maximum]], [[Minimum]], and [[comparison function]]s, as well as some functions derived from operators applied to these functions, such as the [[Outer Product]] and [[Inner Product]].


Dyalog also uses many other x86 extensions:
Dyalog also uses many other x86 extensions:
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