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{{Built-in|Circular|○}}, or '''Circle Function''', is a [[dyadic]] [[scalar function]], which is essentially a collection of related monadic functions. Circular encompasses [[wikipedia:trigonometric functions|trigonometric functions]], [[wikipedia:hyperbolic functions|hyperbolic functions]], and a few relationships between them. On some implementations with [[complex number|complex numbers]], Circular also includes functions to decompose and assemble a complex number. It shares the [[glyph]] <source lang=apl inline>○</source> with the monadic arithmetic function [[Pi Times]].
{{Built-in|Circular|○}}, or '''Circle Function''', is a [[dyadic]] [[scalar function]], which is essentially a collection of related monadic functions. Circular encompasses [[wikipedia:trigonometric functions|trigonometric functions]], [[wikipedia:hyperbolic functions|hyperbolic functions]], and a few relationships between them. On some implementations with [[complex number|complex numbers]], Circular also includes functions to decompose and assemble a complex number. It shares the [[glyph]] <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight> with the [[monadic]] arithmetic function [[Pi Times]].
 
== Design ==
 
The Circular function, as found in today's APL implementations, was designed by  [[Gene McDonnell]], based on three things:<ref>[[Gene McDonnell|McDonnell, Gene]]. [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/storyofo.htm The Story of <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>○</syntaxhighlight>]. Recreational APL. [[APL Quote-Quad]], Volume 8, Number 2, 1977-12.</ref>
* [[Ken Iverson]] stating that [[Semantic density|a concise programming language]] must group together related monadic functions as a dyadic function that takes a "controlling parameter" as left argument to select specific function.
* The sine, tangent, hyperbolic sine, and hyperbolic tangent are [[wikipedia:odd function|odd functions]].
* No better symbol could be found for circular functions than the circle itself.


== Examples ==
== Examples ==
Line 6: Line 13:


{| class="wikitable c" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable c" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! style="width:33%" | <source lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</source> !! style="width:33%" | <source lang=apl inline>X</source> !! <source lang=apl inline>X○Y</source>
! style="width:33%" | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</syntaxhighlight> !! style="width:33%" | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> !! <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X○Y</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
| → || 0 || <math>\sqrt{1-Y^2}</math>
| → || 0 || <math>\sqrt{1-Y^2}</math>
Line 27: Line 34:
The following shows the values of sine, cosine, and tangent at <math>0, \frac{\pi}{2}, \pi</math>. Note that zeros are not exact and <math>\tan{\frac{\pi}{2}}</math> does not signal [[DOMAIN ERROR]] because of limited precision of <math>\pi</math>.
The following shows the values of sine, cosine, and tangent at <math>0, \frac{\pi}{2}, \pi</math>. Note that zeros are not exact and <math>\tan{\frac{\pi}{2}}</math> does not signal [[DOMAIN ERROR]] because of limited precision of <math>\pi</math>.


<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⎕PP←5
       ⎕PP←5
       'sin' 'cos' 'tan',1 2 3∘.○ ○0 0.5 1
       'sin' 'cos' 'tan',1 2 3∘.○ ○0 0.5 1
Line 33: Line 40:
  cos  1 6.1232E¯17 ¯1         
  cos  1 6.1232E¯17 ¯1         
  tan  0 1.6331E16  ¯1.2246E¯16
  tan  0 1.6331E16  ¯1.2246E¯16
</source>{{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]]}}
</syntaxhighlight>{{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]]}}


<source lang=apl inline>0○Y</source> and <source lang=apl inline>4○Y</source>/<source lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</source> reflect the identities <math>\sin^2{Y} + \cos^2{Y} = 1</math> and <math>\cosh^2{Y} - \sinh^2{Y} = 1</math> respectively. In APL code, <source lang=apl inline>0○Y</source> is equivalent to <source lang=apl inline>1○¯2○Y</source> and <source lang=apl inline>2○¯1○Y</source>, <source lang=apl inline>4○Y</source> is equivalent to <source lang=apl inline>6○¯5○Y</source>, and <source lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</source> is equivalent to <source lang=apl inline>5○¯6○Y</source>.
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>0○Y</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>4○Y</syntaxhighlight>/<syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</syntaxhighlight> reflect the identities <math>\sin^2{Y} + \cos^2{Y} = 1</math> and <math>\cosh^2{Y} - \sinh^2{Y} = 1</math> respectively. In APL code, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>0○Y</syntaxhighlight> is equivalent to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>1○¯2○Y</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>2○¯1○Y</syntaxhighlight>, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>4○Y</syntaxhighlight> is equivalent to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>6○¯5○Y</syntaxhighlight>, and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</syntaxhighlight> is equivalent to <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>5○¯6○Y</syntaxhighlight>.


<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       0○¯0.9 ¯0.3 0 0.3 0.9
       0○¯0.9 ¯0.3 0 0.3 0.9
0.43589 0.95394 1 0.95394 0.43589
0.43589 0.95394 1 0.95394 0.43589
Line 54: Line 61:
       5○¯6○1 3 10
       5○¯6○1 3 10
0 2.8284 9.9499
0 2.8284 9.9499
</source>
</syntaxhighlight>


On implementations with complex number support, <source lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</source> is modified to <math>(Y+1)\sqrt{\frac{Y-1}{Y+1}}</math> so that it agrees with <source lang=apl inline>5○¯6○Y</source> for complex numbers.
On implementations with complex number support, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>¯4○Y</syntaxhighlight> is modified to <math>(Y+1)\sqrt{\frac{Y-1}{Y+1}}</math> so that it agrees with <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>5○¯6○Y</syntaxhighlight> for complex numbers.


As a [[mnemonics|mnemonic]], the functions for even X are [[wikipedia:even function|even functions]], and those for odd X are [[wikipedia:odd function|odd functions]]. Also, <source lang=apl inline>X○Y</source> and <source lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</source> are inverses of each other.
As a [[mnemonics|mnemonic]], the functions for even X are [[wikipedia:even function|even functions]], and those for odd X are [[wikipedia:odd function|odd functions]]. Also, <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X○Y</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</syntaxhighlight> are inverses of each other.


=== Functions added with complex number support ===
=== Functions added with complex number support ===
Line 65: Line 72:


{| class="wikitable c" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable c" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! style="width:33%" | <source lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</source> !! style="width:33%" | <source lang=apl inline>X</source> !! <source lang=apl inline>X○Y</source>
! style="width:33%" | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>(-X)○Y</syntaxhighlight> !! style="width:33%" | <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X</syntaxhighlight> !! <syntaxhighlight lang=apl inline>X○Y</syntaxhighlight>
|-
|-
| <math>-\sqrt{-1-Y^2}</math> || 8 || <math>\sqrt{-1-Y^2}</math>
| <math>-\sqrt{-1-Y^2}</math> || 8 || <math>\sqrt{-1-Y^2}</math>
Line 80: Line 87:
The left arguments 9 and 11 extract the real and imaginary parts (the [[wikipedia:cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian coordinates]] on the complex plane), while 10 and 12 extract the magnitude and angle (the [[wikipedia:polar coordinate system|polar coordinates]]). The negative counterparts can be used to [[complex (function)|assemble a single complex number]] from the Cartesian or polar coordinates.
The left arguments 9 and 11 extract the real and imaginary parts (the [[wikipedia:cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian coordinates]] on the complex plane), while 10 and 12 extract the magnitude and angle (the [[wikipedia:polar coordinate system|polar coordinates]]). The negative counterparts can be used to [[complex (function)|assemble a single complex number]] from the Cartesian or polar coordinates.


<source lang=apl>
<syntaxhighlight lang=apl>
       ⎕←mat←9 11∘.○1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6 ⍝ first row is real, second row is imag
       ⎕←mat←9 11∘.○1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6 ⍝ first row is real, second row is imag
1  3 ¯5
1  3 ¯5
Line 92: Line 99:
       ¯10 ¯12×.○mat
       ¯10 ¯12×.○mat
1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6
1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6
</source>{{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]]}}
</syntaxhighlight>{{Works in|[[Dyalog APL]]}}


[[J]] has separate built-in functions for these operations: [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/plusdot '''Real/Imag'''] <source lang=j inline>+.</source> (Cartesian decomposition), [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/stardot '''Length/Angle'''] <source lang=j inline>*.</source> (polar decomposition), [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/jdot#dyadic '''Complex'''] <source lang=j inline>j.</source> (Cartesian assembly), and [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/rdot#dyadic '''Polar'''] <source lang=j inline>r.</source> (polar assembly). Note that, unlike the APL version above, <source lang=j inline>+.</source> and <source lang=j inline>*.</source> create a trailing axis of length 2.
[[J]] has separate built-in functions for these operations: [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/plusdot '''Real/Imag'''] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>+.</syntaxhighlight> (Cartesian decomposition), [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/stardot '''Length/Angle'''] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>*.</syntaxhighlight> (polar decomposition), [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/jdot#dyadic '''Complex'''] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>j.</syntaxhighlight> (Cartesian assembly), and [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/rdot#dyadic '''Polar'''] <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>r.</syntaxhighlight> (polar assembly). Note that, unlike the APL version above, <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>+.</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang=j inline>*.</syntaxhighlight> create a trailing axis of length 2.


<source lang=j>
<syntaxhighlight lang=j>
       ]mat =: +. 1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
       ]mat =: +. 1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
  1  2
  1  2
Line 110: Line 117:
       r./"1 mat
       r./"1 mat
1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
</source>{{Works in|[[J]]}}
</syntaxhighlight>{{Works in|[[J]]}}
 
== References ==
<references/>


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 116: Line 126:
=== Documentation ===
=== Documentation ===


* [http://help.dyalog.com/latest/#Language/Primitive%20Functions/Circular.htm Dyalog]
* [https://help.dyalog.com/latest/#Language/Primitive%20Functions/Circular.htm Dyalog]
* [http://microapl.com/apl_help/ch_020_020_240.htm APLX]
* [http://microapl.com/apl_help/ch_020_020_240.htm APLX]
* [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/dodot.htm J Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/odot#dyadic NuVoc]
* [https://www.jsoftware.com/help/dictionary/dodot.htm J Dictionary], [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Vocabulary/odot#dyadic NuVoc]
{{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]][[Category:Scalar dyadic functions]]
{{APL built-ins}}[[Category:Primitive functions]][[Category:Scalar dyadic functions]]

Latest revision as of 22:28, 10 September 2022

Circular (), or Circle Function, is a dyadic scalar function, which is essentially a collection of related monadic functions. Circular encompasses trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions, and a few relationships between them. On some implementations with complex numbers, Circular also includes functions to decompose and assemble a complex number. It shares the glyph with the monadic arithmetic function Pi Times.

Design

The Circular function, as found in today's APL implementations, was designed by Gene McDonnell, based on three things:[1]

  • Ken Iverson stating that a concise programming language must group together related monadic functions as a dyadic function that takes a "controlling parameter" as left argument to select specific function.
  • The sine, tangent, hyperbolic sine, and hyperbolic tangent are odd functions.
  • No better symbol could be found for circular functions than the circle itself.

Examples

Most APL implementations agree on the following functions:

(-X)○Y X X○Y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

The following shows the values of sine, cosine, and tangent at . Note that zeros are not exact and does not signal DOMAIN ERROR because of limited precision of .

      ⎕PP←5
      'sin' 'cos' 'tan',1 2 3∘.○ ○0 0.5 1
 sin  0 1           1.2246E¯16
 cos  1 6.1232E¯17 ¯1         
 tan  0 1.6331E16  ¯1.2246E¯16
Works in: Dyalog APL

0○Y and 4○Y/¯4○Y reflect the identities and respectively. In APL code, 0○Y is equivalent to 1○¯2○Y and 2○¯1○Y, 4○Y is equivalent to 6○¯5○Y, and ¯4○Y is equivalent to 5○¯6○Y.

      0○¯0.9 ¯0.3 0 0.3 0.9
0.43589 0.95394 1 0.95394 0.43589
      1○¯2○¯0.9 ¯0.3 0 0.3 0.9
0.43589 0.95394 1 0.95394 0.43589
      2○¯1○¯0.9 ¯0.3 0 0.3 0.9
0.43589 0.95394 1 0.95394 0.43589

      4○¯10 ¯1 0 1 10
10.05 1.4142 1 1.4142 10.05
      6○¯5○¯10 ¯1 0 1 10
10.05 1.4142 1 1.4142 10.05

      ¯4○1 3 10
0 2.8284 9.9499
      5○¯6○1 3 10
0 2.8284 9.9499

On implementations with complex number support, ¯4○Y is modified to so that it agrees with 5○¯6○Y for complex numbers.

As a mnemonic, the functions for even X are even functions, and those for odd X are odd functions. Also, X○Y and (-X)○Y are inverses of each other.

Functions added with complex number support

Extensions with complex numbers are as follows:

(-X)○Y X X○Y
8
Y unchanged 9 real part of Y
conjugate of Y 10 magnitude of Y
complex () 11 imaginary part of Y
12 phase of Y

The left arguments 9 and 11 extract the real and imaginary parts (the Cartesian coordinates on the complex plane), while 10 and 12 extract the magnitude and angle (the polar coordinates). The negative counterparts can be used to assemble a single complex number from the Cartesian or polar coordinates.

      ⎕←mat←9 11∘.○1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6 ⍝ first row is real, second row is imag
1  3 ¯5
2 ¯4 ¯6
      ¯9 ¯11+.○mat
1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6

      ⎕←mat←10 12∘.○1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6 ⍝ first row is length, second row is angle
2.2361  5       7.8102
1.1071 ¯0.9273 ¯2.2655
      ¯10 ¯12×.○mat
1J2 3J¯4 ¯5J¯6
Works in: Dyalog APL

J has separate built-in functions for these operations: Real/Imag +. (Cartesian decomposition), Length/Angle *. (polar decomposition), Complex j. (Cartesian assembly), and Polar r. (polar assembly). Note that, unlike the APL version above, +. and *. create a trailing axis of length 2.

      ]mat =: +. 1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
 1  2
 3 _4
_5 _6
      j./"1 mat
1j2 3j_4 _5j_6

      ]mat =: *. 1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
2.23607   1.10715
      5 _0.927295
7.81025  _2.26553
      r./"1 mat
1j2 3j_4 _5j_6
Works in: J

References

  1. McDonnell, Gene. The Story of . Recreational APL. APL Quote-Quad, Volume 8, Number 2, 1977-12.

External links

Documentation

APL built-ins [edit]
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Scalar
Monadic ConjugateNegateSignumReciprocalMagnitudeExponentialNatural LogarithmFloorCeilingFactorialNotPi TimesRollTypeImaginarySquare Root
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Non-Scalar
Structural ShapeReshapeTallyDepthRavelEnlistTableCatenateReverseRotateTransposeRazeMixSplitEncloseNestCut (K)PairLinkPartitioned EnclosePartition
Selection FirstPickTakeDropUniqueIdentityStopSelectReplicateExpandSet functions (IntersectionUnionWithout) ∙ Bracket indexingIndexCartesian ProductSort
Selector Index generatorGradeIndex OfInterval IndexIndicesDealPrefix and suffix vectors
Computational MatchNot MatchMembershipFindNub SieveEncodeDecodeMatrix InverseMatrix DivideFormatExecuteMaterialiseRange
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Quad names Index originComparison toleranceMigration levelAtomic vector