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[[File:Arthur Whitney 2019Wiki1.jpg|thumb|Arthur Whitney in 2019.]]
'''Arthur Taylor Whitney''' (born October 24, 1957) is the designer of [[A]], [[A+]], the [[K]] family of languages, and [[Q]], and cofounder of [[Kx Systems]]. Whitney was a major figure in the development of [[leading axis theory]] and an influence on [[J]]'s early development.
'''Arthur Taylor Whitney''' (born October 24, 1957) is the designer of [[A]], [[A+]], the [[K]] family of languages, and [[Q]], and cofounder of [[Kx Systems]]. Whitney was a major figure in the development of [[leading axis theory]] and an influence on [[J]]'s early development.


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Whitney was first introduced to APL, and to programming, by [[Ken Iverson]], who was a friend of his father. In 1969, when Whitney was 11, Iverson demonstrated an interactive APL session for him. Although Whitney was introduced to other programming languages in university (starting in 1974), he studied mathematics, focusing on set theory and foundations of mathematics<ref>kx. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150813004101/http://kx.com/arthur-interview.php "An Interview with Arthur Whitney, Kx CEO and Developer of Kx Technology"]. 2004-01-04. Archived 2015-08-13.</ref>, and his APL work was limited to a few summer consulting jobs.<ref name="cantrill">Cantrill, Brian. [https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1531242 "A Conversation with Arthur Whitney"]. 2009.</ref>
Whitney was first introduced to APL, and to programming, by [[Ken Iverson]], who was a friend of his father. In 1969, when Whitney was 11, Iverson demonstrated an interactive APL session for him. Although Whitney was introduced to other programming languages in university (starting in 1974), he studied mathematics, focusing on set theory and foundations of mathematics<ref>kx. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150813004101/http://kx.com/arthur-interview.php "An Interview with Arthur Whitney, Kx CEO and Developer of Kx Technology"]. 2004-01-04. Archived 2015-08-13.</ref>, and his APL work was limited to a few summer consulting jobs.<ref name="cantrill">Cantrill, Brian. [https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1531242 "A Conversation with Arthur Whitney"]. 2009.</ref>


Whitney worked at [[I.P. Sharp Associates]] in the early 1980s alongside [[Ken Iverson]] and [[Roger Hui]]. In 1982 he is credited with inventing the [[Rank operator]] while travelling to [[APL82]].<ref>[[Roger Hui|Hui, Roger]]. [http://keiapl.org/rhui/remember.htm ''Remembering Ken Iverson''].</ref><ref name="personalView">[[Ken Iverson|Iverson, K.E.]] [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLPersonalView.htm "A personal view of APL"]. IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 582–593. 1991.
Whitney worked at [[I.P. Sharp Associates]] in the early 1980s alongside [[Ken Iverson]] and [[Roger Hui]]. In 1982 he is credited with inventing the [[Rank operator]] while travelling to [[APL82]].<ref name="hopl4">[[Roger Hui]] and [[Morten Kromberg]]. [https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3386319 ''APL since 1978'']. ACM [[HOPL]] IV. 2020-06.</ref><ref name="personalView">[[Ken Iverson|Iverson, K.E.]] [https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLPersonalView.htm "A personal view of APL"]. IBM Systems Journal. 30 (4): 582–593. 1991.
</ref> He left Sharp to complete a graduate degree in mathematics from the [[wikipedia:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]], and subsequently worked for [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]]. In this period Whitney was heavily invested in the design and implementation of interpreted programming languages, including not only array languages but also functional, logic, and object-oriented languages. His work at Stanford included a Prolog-style inference engine intended for AI programming.<ref name="cantrill"/>
</ref> He left Sharp to complete a graduate degree in mathematics from the [[wikipedia:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]], and subsequently worked for [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]]. In this period Whitney was heavily invested in the design and implementation of interpreted programming languages, including not only array languages but also functional, logic, and object-oriented languages. His work at Stanford included a Prolog-style inference engine intended for AI programming.<ref name="cantrill"/>


After leaving Stanford and working briefly at an AI company called Teknowledge, Whitney joined [[wikipedia:Morgan Stanley|Morgan Stanley]] where he created the cut-down and speed-oriented APL dialect [[A]].<ref>Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. [http://www.aplusdev.org/Develop/devTeam.html Who Wrote A+?]</ref> In 1988 he extended this language to create [[A+]], working alongside other Morgan Stanley employees.<ref>Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. [http://www.aplusdev.org/About/index.html The History of A+].</ref> A and A+ were intended for use with time-series data, a focus that would continue with [[K]].
After leaving Stanford and working briefly at an AI company called Teknowledge, Whitney joined [[wikipedia:Morgan Stanley|Morgan Stanley]] where he created the cut-down and speed-oriented APL dialect [[A]].<ref>Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. [http://www.aplusdev.org/Develop/devTeam.html Who Wrote A+?]</ref> In 1988 he extended this language to create [[A+]], working alongside other Morgan Stanley employees.<ref>Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. [http://www.aplusdev.org/About/index.html The History of A+].</ref> A and A+ were intended for use with time-series data, a focus that would continue with [[K]].


In 1989 [[Ken Iverson]] approached Whitney about his plans for a new array language, which would become [[J]]. Whitney wrote a one-page prototype for the language in a single afternoon using [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], which served as an inspiration for [[Roger Hui]] when he implemented J.<ref>[[Roger Hui|Hui, Roger]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Essays/Incunabulum "Incunabulum"]. From ''An Implementation of J'', Appendix A: Incunabulum, 1992-01-27.</ref> Whitney suggested several features that would become part of J, such as [[leading axis theory]], including [[Tally]]. Based on this work, Iverson invented the [[Rank operator]], which Whitney then implemented for [[SHARP APL]] in 1983.<ref>[[Gitte Christensen]] and [[Joey Tuttle]] at [[APL Campfire]]. Aug 1st, 2021.</ref>
In 1989 [[Ken Iverson]] approached Whitney about his plans for a new array language, which would become [[J]]. Whitney wrote a one-page prototype for the language in a single afternoon using [[wikipedia:C (programming language)|C]], which served as an inspiration for [[Roger Hui]] when he implemented J.<ref>[[Roger Hui|Hui, Roger]]. [https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Essays/Incunabulum "Incunabulum"]. From ''An Implementation of J'', Appendix A: Incunabulum, 1992-01-27.</ref> Whitney suggested several features that would become part of J, such as [[prefix agreement]]<ref name="hopl4"/>, the [[Rank operator]], and [[Tally]].


In 1992, Whitney created the first of a series of languages called [[K]]. K marked a major departure from APL tradition and towards [[wikipedia:Lisp (programming language)|LISP]] influence<ref>Whitney, Arthur. [http://kparc.com/lisp.txt lisp.txt].</ref>, since it discarded APL's multidimensional [[array model]] in favor of nested lists or [[vector]]s, and it also used ASCII symbols rather than traditional APL ones. He left Morgan Stanley and co-founded [[Kx Systems]] with CEO Janet Lustgarten in 1993 to sell the language.<ref>McDonald, Clare. [https://www.computerweekly.com/blog/WITsend/Janet-Lustgarten-CEO-at-KX-Systems-on-shampoo-apps-databases-and-founding-her-own-company "Janet Lustgarten, CEO at Kx Systems, on Shampoo Apps, Databases and Founding Her Own Company"]. Computer Weekly. 2011-06-01.</ref> K was developed along with the database system kdb. Initially under exclusive contract with the [[wikipedia:Union Bank of Switzerland|Union Bank of Switzerland]], K and kdb later became widely used in banks.
In 1992, Whitney created the first of a series of languages called [[K]]. K marked a major departure from APL tradition and towards [[wikipedia:Lisp (programming language)|LISP]] influence<ref>Whitney, Arthur. [http://kparc.com/lisp.txt lisp.txt].</ref>, since it discarded APL's multidimensional [[array model]] in favor of nested lists or [[vector]]s, and it also used ASCII symbols rather than traditional APL ones. He left Morgan Stanley and co-founded [[Kx Systems]] with CEO Janet Lustgarten in 1993 to sell the language.<ref>McDonald, Clare. [https://www.computerweekly.com/blog/WITsend/Janet-Lustgarten-CEO-at-KX-Systems-on-shampoo-apps-databases-and-founding-her-own-company "Janet Lustgarten, CEO at Kx Systems, on Shampoo Apps, Databases and Founding Her Own Company"]. Computer Weekly. 2011-06-01.</ref> K was developed along with the database system kdb. Initially under exclusive contract with the [[wikipedia:Union Bank of Switzerland|Union Bank of Switzerland]], K and kdb later became widely used in banks.
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