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Over the course of the next few years, various extensions were made to the language, culminating in A+ in 1988, with "+" referring to the graphical user interface. While an A+ development group was formally in 1992, presented the very first version of [[K]] that very same year, and by 1994, K became the official successor of A+. In 2001, the source code was made public, and various volunteers took over development until 2008. From then until 2014 it was maintained by Robert Lefkowitz. | Over the course of the next few years, various extensions were made to the language, culminating in A+ in 1988, with "+" referring to the graphical user interface. While an A+ development group was formally in 1992, presented the very first version of [[K]] that very same year, and by 1994, K became the official successor of A+. In 2001, the source code was made public, and various volunteers took over development until 2008. From then until 2014 it was maintained by Robert Lefkowitz. | ||
== Primitives == | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
! Glyph !! Dyadic !! Monadic | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>+</source> || [[Add]] || [[Conjugate|Identity]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>-</source> || [[Subtract]] || [[Negate]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>×</source> || [[Multiply]] || [[Sign]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>÷</source> || [[Divide]] || [[Reciprocal]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>*</source> || [[Power]] || [[Exponential]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍟</source> || [[Log]] || [[Natural log]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>|</source> || [[Residue]] || [[Absolute value]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊥</source> || [[Decode]] || Pack | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊤</source> || [[Encode]] || Unpack | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>?</source> || [[Deal]] || [[Roll]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>○</source> || [[Circle function|Circle]] (sin, cos, ...) || [[Pi times]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⌹</source> || [[Solve]] || [[Matrix Inverse]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⌈</source> || [[Max]] || [[Ceiling]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⌊</source> || [[Min]] || [[Floor]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline><</source> || [[Less than]] || [[Enclose]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>≤</source> || [[Less than or Equal to]] || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>=</source> || [[Equal to]] || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>></source> || [[Greater than]] || [[Disclose]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>≥</source> || [[Greater than or Equal to]] || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>≠</source> || [[Not equal to]] || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍋</source> || [[Bins]] || [[Grade up]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍒</source> || || [[Grade down]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>≡</source> || [[Match]] || [[Depth]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍳</source> || [[Find]] || Interval ([[Iota]]) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>∊</source> || [[Member]] || [[Rake]] (like [[Enlist]]) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>^</source> || [[And]] || Stop | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>∨</source> || [[Or]] or Cast || [[Type]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍕</source> || [[Format]] || [[Default Format]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍎</source> || Execute in Context or Protected Execute || [[Execute]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>%</source> || Value in Context || Value (of a symbol) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>←</source> || [[Assignment]] or [[Selective Assignment]] || Result (returns from functions) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊃</source> || [[Pick]] || [[Raze]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>#</source> || [[Choose]] || [[Count]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>[;]</source> ||colspan=2| [[Bracket Indexing]] (varying number of arguments) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>↑</source> || [[Take]] || [[Signal]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>↓</source> || [[Drop]] || Print | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⌽</source> || [[Rotate]] || [[Reverse]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍉</source> || [[Dyadic transpose|Transpose Axes]] || [[Transpose]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>!</source> || [[Restructure]] || [[Item Ravel]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊂</source> || Partition (a little like [[Split]]) || Partition Count | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍴</source> || [[Reshape]] || [[Shape]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊣</source> || [[Left]] || Null (returns <source lang=apl inline>()</source>) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⊢</source> || || [[Right]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>∪</source> || Combine Symbols || Separate Symbols | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>,</source> || [[Catenate]] || [[Ravel]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>~</source> || [[Laminate]] || [[Not]] | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>/</source> || [[Replicate]] || [[Reduce]] (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>\</source> || [[Expand]] || [[Scan]] (+ × ⌈ ⌊ ∧ ∨) | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>.</source> || [[Inner Product]] (+.× ⌈.+ ⌊.+) || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>∘.</source> || [[Outer Product]] (+ - × ÷ | ⌈ ⌊ < ≤ = ≥ > ≠) || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>@</source> || [[Rank]] || | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>¨</source> || || [[Each]] or Apply | |||
|- | |||
| <source lang=apl inline>⍨</source> || || Bitwise | |||
|} | |||
{{APL dialects}} | {{APL dialects}} | ||