Dyalog APL
Dyalog APL, or simply Dyalog, is a modern APL in the APL2 tradition, first released by British company Dyadic Systems Ltd. (now Dyalog Ltd.) in 1983 for the Zylog Z80 processor (the name Dyalog is a portmanteau of Dyadic and Zylog). Dyalog supports several platforms and interfaces with many languages and runtimes including native shared libraries, .NET, the JVM, R, and Python. It is actively developed and has introduced many new primitives and concepts to array programming. Major categories of features introduced to APL by Dyalog are tacit programming by allowing named derived functions and later trains, lexically-scoped functional programming using dfns, namespaces and object-oriented programming, and the addition of leading axis theory and the Rank operator to the nested array paradigm.
In 1995, two Dyalog developers—John Scholes and Peter Donnelly—were awarded the Iverson Award for their work on the interpreter. Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.
Versions
- Main article: Dyalog APL versions
Dyalog lists historical versions, along with release notes since 14.0, on its website. Its early history is recounted in more detail by Pete Donnelly in Dyalog APL: A Personal History (pdf).
| Number | Year | Month | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1983 | April | (Zilog S8000 only) |
| 2 | 1984 | (Many more platforms) | |
| 3.0 | 1985 | (More platforms) Rectangular display of arrays | |
| 4.0 | 1986 | October | User-defined operators, Assignment for functions (including derived functions), ⎕MONITOR
|
| 5.0 | 1987 | April | Nested array editor |
| 5.1 | 1988 | April | (first version for DOS) User-defined input/output tables, ⎕SM and ⎕SR, windowed editor/tracer, interface to GSS/CGI
|
| 5.2 | 1990 | January | Naked trace |
| 6.0 | 1990 | April | GUI IDE |
| 6.1 | 1990 | October | ⎕ED
|
| 6.2.1 | 1992 | July | (first version for Windows) ⎕WC, ⎕DQ, etc.
|
| 6.3.1 | 1993 | April | ⎕NA, graphical, clipboard and printer objects
|
| 7.0.1 | 1994 | August | Namespaces, additional GUI objects |
| 7.1 | 1995 | May | ⎕CS, GUI objects as namespaces, greater APL2 compatibility
|
| 8.0 | 1996 | May | Keywords (:If/:Else, :Repeat/:Until, :Trap, and so on), ⎕PATH, additional GUI objects, OLE
|
| 8.1 | 1997 | March | dfns with lexical scope, syntax colouring, TCPSocket object, OLE client/server, automatic file tie numbers |
| 8.2 | 1999 | January | Windowed Reduction and scalar functions with axis (from APL2), Threading with Spawn (&), ActiveX, :With, additional GUI objects
|
| 9.0 | 2000 | September | Namespace references (instead of string names) and dot syntax, context-sensitive help (F1), aditional GUI objects with animation |
| 9.0.1 | 2001 | January | (Windows CE) Pocket APL |
| 9.0.2 | 2002 | January | .NET support |
| 9.5 | 2002 | September | |
| 10.0 | 2003 | March | ⎕NULL, ⎕MAP, idiom recognition (mapped files), retained hash tables, .NET support built-in, run-time workspace as .exe, auto-completion, mapped
|
| 10.1 | 2004 | July | Multiple arguments in tradfn headers, thread tokens, 64-bit component files, value tips |
| 11.0 | 2006 | October | Object-oriented programming (classes, objects, interfaces) modelled after C#, Index (⌷), Power operator (⍣), GCD (∨), LCM (∧)
|
| 12.0 | 2008 | August | Unicode support (⎕AVU, ⎕UCS), ⎕FCOPY, ⎕FPROPS
|
| 12.1 | 2009 | November | I-Beam (⌶), Table (⍪), ⎕XML, ⎕FCHK, User commands
|
| 13.0 | 2011 | April | Left (⊣), Right (⊢), Variant (⍠), ⎕OPT, ⎕R, ⎕S, ⎕PROFILE, ⎕RSI, complex number and decimal float support, short arguments for Take, Drop, and Index (↑, ↓, ⌷)
|
| 13.1 | 2012 | April | ⎕DMX, ⎕FHIST
|
| 13.2 | 2013 | January | Array Editor |
| 14.0 | 2014 | June | Trains, Tally (≢), Key (⌸), Rank operator (⍤), multi-threading with futures and isolates
|
| 14.1 | 2015 | June | :Disposable .NET objects and resources, gesture support, many new I-beams
|
| 15.0 | 2016 | June | ⎕MKDIR, ⎕NDELETE, ⎕NEXISTS, ⎕NGET, ⎕NINFO, ⎕NPARTS, ⎕NPUT
|
| 16.0 | 2017 | June | At (@), Interval Index (⍸), Where (⍸), Nest (⊆), Partition (⊆), Stencil (⌺), ⎕JSON, ⎕CSV
|
| 17.0 | 2018 | July | ⎕NCOPY, ⎕NMOVE
|
| 17.1 | 2019 | October | Duplicates in Interval Index (⍸) look-up array
|
| 18.0 | Unreleased | Atop (⍤), Over (⍥), Constant (⍨), Unique Mask (≠), duplicates from Where (⍸), empty partitions from Partitioned Enclose (⊂), multi-line session input, date-time conversion, case folding/mapping (⎕C)
| |
Primitives
Functions
| Glyph | Monadic | Dyadic |
|---|---|---|
+ |
Conjugate | Plus |
- |
Negate | Minus |
× |
Signum | Times |
÷ |
Reciprocal | Divide |
| |
Magnitude | Residue |
⌊ |
Floor | Minimum |
⌈ |
Ceiling | Maximum |
* |
Exponential | Power |
⍟ |
Natural Logarithm | Logarithm |
! |
Factorial | Binomial |
○ |
Pi Times | Circular |
~ |
Not | Without |
? |
Roll | Query |
∧ |
And | |
∨ |
Or | |
⍲ |
Nand | |
⍱ |
Nor | |
< |
Less | |
≤ |
Less Or Equal | |
= |
Equal | |
≥ |
Greater Or Equal | |
> |
Greater | |
≠ |
Unique Mask | Not Equal |
⍴ |
Shape | Reshape |
, |
Ravel | Catenate |
⍪ |
Table | Catenate First |
⌽ |
Reverse | Rotate |
⊖ |
Reverse First | Rotate First |
⍉ |
Transpose | |
↑ |
Mix/Disclose | Take |
↓ |
Split | Drop |
⊂ |
Enclose | Partitioned Enclose |
⊆ |
Nest | Partition |
∊ |
Enlist/Type | Membership |
⊃ |
Disclose/Mix | Pick |
/ |
Replicate | |
⌿ |
Replicate First | |
\ |
Expand | |
⍀ |
Expand First | |
∩ |
Intersection | |
∪ |
Unique | Union |
⊣ |
Same | Left |
⊢ |
Same | Right |
⍳ |
Index Generator | Index Of |
⍸ |
Where | Interval Index |
⍒ |
Grade Down | |
⍋ |
Grade Up | |
⍷ |
Find | |
≡ |
Depth | Match |
≢ |
Tally | Not Match |
⍎ |
Execute | |
⍕ |
Format | |
⊥ |
Base | |
⊤ |
Represent | |
⌹ |
Matrix Inverse | Matrix Divide |
⌷ |
Materialise | Squad Indexing |
Operators
| Syntax | Monadic call | Dyadic call |
|---|---|---|
f/ |
Reduction | Windowed Reduction |
f⌿ |
Reduction First | Windowed Reduction First |
f\ |
Scan | |
f⍀ |
Scan First | |
f¨ |
Each | |
f⍨ |
Commute | |
A⍨ |
Constant | |
f⍣v |
Power | |
f.g |
Inner Product | |
∘.f |
Outer Product | |
A∘g |
Bind | |
f∘B |
||
f∘g |
Beside | |
f⍤B |
Rank | |
f⍤g |
Atop | |
f⍥g |
Over | |
f@v |
At | |
f⍠B |
Variant | |
f⌸ |
Key | |
f⌺B |
Stencil | |
A⌶ |
I-Beam | |
f& |
Spawn | |
f[B] |
Axis | |