Dyalog APL
Dyalog APL, or simply Dyalog, is a modern APL in the APL2 tradition, first released by British company Dyadic Systems Ltd. (now Dyalog Ltd.) in 1983 for the Zylog Z80 processor (the name Dyalog is a portmanteau of Dyadic and Zylog). Dyalog supports several platforms and interfaces with many languages and runtimes including native shared libraries, .NET, the JVM, R, and Python. It is actively developed and has introduced many new primitives and concepts to array programming. Major categories of features introduced to APL by Dyalog are tacit programming by allowing named derived functions and later trains, lexically-scoped functional programming using dfns, namespaces and object-oriented programming, and the addition of leading axis theory and the Rank operator to the nested array paradigm.
In 1995, two Dyalog developers—John Scholes and Peter Donnelly—were awarded the Iverson Award for their work on the interpreter. Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016.
Versions
Dyalog lists historical versions, along with release notes since 14.0, on its website.
| Number | Year | Month | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1983 | April | Assignment for derived functions |
| 2 | 1984 | ||
| 3.0 | 1985 | ||
| 4.0 | 1986 | October | |
| 5.0 | 1987 | April | |
| 5.1 | 1988 | April | |
| 5.2 | 1990 | January | |
| 6.0 | 1990 | April | Namespaces |
| 6.1 | 1990 | October | |
| 6.2 | 1993 | April | |
| 6.3 | 1993 | October | |
| 7.0 | 1994 | August | |
| 7.1 | 1995 | May | Keywords (If/Then/Else, Repeat/Until, exception handling, and so on) |
| 8.0 | 1996 | May | dfns with lexical scope |
| 8.1 | 1997 | March | |
| 8.2 | 1999 | January | Threading with Spawn (&)
|
| 9.0 | 2000 | September | Namespace references (instead of string names) and dot syntax, context-sensitive help (F1) |
| 9.0.1 | 2001 | January | |
| 9.0.2 | 2002 | January | |
| 9.5 | 2002 | September | |
| 10.0 | 2003 | March | ⎕NULL, idiom recognition, retained hash tables
|
| 10.1 | 2004 | July | Multiple arguments in tradfn headers |
| 11.0 | 2006 | October | Object oriented programming (classes, objects, interfaces) modelled after C#, Index (⌷), Power operator (⍣), GCD (∨), LCM (∧)
|
| 12.0 | 2008 | August | Unicode support (⎕AVU, ⎕UCS), ⎕FCOPY, ⎕FPROPS
|
| 12.1 | 2009 | November | I-Beam (⌶), Table (⍪), ⎕XML, ⎕FCHK, User commands
|
| 13.0 | 2011 | April | Left (⊣), Right (⊢), Variant (⍠), ⎕OPT, ⎕R, ⎕S, ⎕PROFILE, ⎕RSI, complex number and decimal float support, short arguments for Take, Drop, and Index (↑, ↓, ⌷)
|
| 13.1 | 2012 | April | ⎕DMX, ⎕FHIST
|
| 13.2 | 2013 | January | Array Editor |
| 14.0 | 2014 | June | Trains, Tally (≢), Key (⌸), Rank operator (⍤), multi-threading with futures and isolates
|
| 14.1 | 2015 | June | |
| 15.0 | 2016 | June | ⎕MKDIR, ⎕NDELETE, ⎕NEXISTS, ⎕NGET, ⎕NINFO, ⎕NPARTS, ⎕NPUT
|
| 16.0 | 2017 | June | At (@), Interval Index (⍸), Where (⍸), Nest (⊆), Partition (⊆), Stencil (⌺), ⎕JSON, ⎕CSV
|
| 17.0 | 2018 | July | ⎕NCOPY, ⎕NMOVE
|
| 17.1 | 2019 | October | Duplicates in Interval Index (⍸) look-up array
|
| 18.0 | Unreleased | Atop (⍤), Over (⍥), Constant (⍨), Unique Mask (≠), duplicates from Where (⍸), empty partitions from partitioned enclose (⊂), multi-line session input, date-time conversion, case folding/mapping (⎕C), initial cross-platform support for .NET Core,
| |
Primitives
Functions
| Glyph | Monadic | Dyadic |
|---|---|---|
+ |
Conjugate | Plus |
- |
Negate | Minus |
× |
Signum | Times |
÷ |
Reciprocal | Divide |
| |
Magnitude | Residue |
⌊ |
Floor | Minimum |
⌈ |
Ceiling | Maximum |
* |
Exponential | Power |
⍟ |
Natural Logarithm | Logarithm |
! |
Factorial | Binomial |
○ |
Pi Times | Circular |
~ |
Not | Without |
? |
Roll | Query |
∧ |
And | |
∨ |
Or | |
⍲ |
Nand | |
⍱ |
Nor | |
< |
Less | |
≤ |
Less Or Equal | |
= |
Equal | |
≥ |
Greater Or Equal | |
> |
Greater | |
≠ |
Unique Mask | Not Equal |
⍴ |
Shape | Reshape |
, |
Ravel | Catenate |
⍪ |
Table | Catenate First |
⌽ |
Reverse | Rotate |
⊖ |
Reverse First | Rotate First |
⍉ |
Transpose | |
↑ |
Mix/Disclose | Take |
↓ |
Split | Drop |
⊂ |
Enclose | Partitioned Enclose |
⊆ |
Nest | Partition |
∊ |
Enlist/Type | Membership |
⊃ |
Disclose/Mix | Pick |
/ |
Replicate | |
⌿ |
Replicate First | |
\ |
Expand | |
⍀ |
Expand First | |
∩ |
Intersection | |
∪ |
Unique | Union |
⊣ |
Same | Left |
⊢ |
Same | Right |
⍳ |
Index Generator | Index Of |
⍸ |
Where | Interval Index |
⍒ |
Grade Down | |
⍋ |
Grade Up | |
⍷ |
Find | |
≡ |
Depth | Match |
≢ |
Tally | Not Match |
⍎ |
Execute | |
⍕ |
Format | |
⊥ |
Base | |
⊤ |
Represent | |
⌹ |
Matrix Inverse | Matrix Divide |
⌷ |
Materialise | Squad Indexing |
Operators
| Syntax | Monadic call | Dyadic call |
|---|---|---|
f/ |
Reduction | Windowed Reduction |
f⌿ |
Reduction First | Windowed Reduction First |
f\ |
Scan | |
f⍀ |
Scan First | |
f¨ |
Each | |
f⍨ |
Commute | |
A⍨ |
Constant | |
f⍣v |
Power | |
f.g |
Inner Product | |
∘.f |
Outer Product | |
A∘g |
Bind | |
f∘B |
||
f∘g |
Beside | |
f⍤B |
Rank | |
f⍤g |
Atop | |
f⍥g |
Over | |
f@v |
At | |
f⍠B |
Variant | |
f⌸ |
Key | |
f⌺B |
Stencil | |
A⌶ |
I-Beam | |
f& |
Spawn | |
f[B] |
Axis | |