Index origin

is the number used for the first index along each axis of an array. Many APLs allow the user to configure index origin using the system variable. Even array languages which do not have such a configuration parameter must make a choice of index origin; for example, A+ and J use a non-configurable index origin of 0. The English language uses an index origin of one: thus the element with index  in APL is referred to in English as the "first" element.

The index origin affects both the handling of index arguments to functions (and other functionality like axis specification) and their results. For example, Iota (or "Index Generator") creates results which begin with.

Any number could consistently be used for the index origin, but almost all APLs restrict the choice to 0 or 1. ngn/apl supports  but only allows it to have the value 0. Attempting to assign an unsupported value to  typically results in a DOMAIN ERROR.

The choice of which numbers are indices is subjective and must be made by the language designer. In some cases there is no clear decision: Interval Index and Occurrence Count each have natural definitions that depend on index origin, and natural definitions that do not.

Functions which depend on index origin
The following functions depend on  in at least some APLs. They are listed with the glyphs used for them in Dyalog APL. For functions, only the result depends on  except where noted with   in which case the left argument does instead. For operators the dependence is noted.

Additionally, indexing with brackets and axis specification depend on index origin.

Articles

 * Wikipedia
 * Is Index Origin 0 a Hindrance?

Lessons

 * APL Cultivation

Documentation

 * Dyalog
 * APLX